Term
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Definition
| Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy releasing metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy requiring metabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply of monomers (or precursor of) required by cells for growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients required in large amounts |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrients required in
trace amount |
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Term
| What percentage of dry weight are macronutrients |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, Iron, Magnesium, Sulfur, Phosphorous, and Nitrogen |
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Term
| Carbon is required by what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dry weight of carbon in a typical bacterial cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon source in autotrophs? |
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Definition
Oxidize inorganic compounds like CO2
Sole source of carbon and energy |
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Term
| Carbon source in heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| Oxidize organic molecules |
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Term
| What is the dry weight of Nitrogen in a typical bacterial cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrogen is a major component of what two things? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most bacterial cells use what two forms of nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some bacterial cells can use what form of Nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of inorganic nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of organic nitrogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Those that can use nitrogen from the atmosphere are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphorous is used in the synthesis of what two things? |
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Definition
| nucleic acids and phospholipids |
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Term
| Sulfur is used for what three things? |
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Definition
| Sulfur containing amino acids, coenzyme A, and vitamins |
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Term
| What is magnesium used for? |
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Definition
| Stabilization of ribosomes, membranes, and nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| They are the key component to what protien involved in membrane transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| In anoxic conditions, Iron is: |
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Definition
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Term
| In oxic conditions, Iron is: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are iron binding agents called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are siderophores used for? |
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Definition
| used to obtain iron from insoluble mineral form |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds needed in only small amounts |
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Term
| What are the three growth factors? |
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Definition
vitamins
amino acids
Purines and pyrimidines |
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Term
| Can microorganisms synthesize growth factors? |
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Definition
| Yes, generally almost all of them |
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Term
| Vitamins are mostly required for |
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Definition
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Term
| What do vitamins function as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some growth factors must be provided in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemotrophs are bacteria that get their energy from |
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Definition
| Oxidation of organic or inorganic molecules |
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Term
| Two types of energy sources: |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of electron source: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of culture media |
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Definition
| Solids or liquids used for growth, transport, and storage of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| made using exact amounts of organic or inorganic compounds |
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Term
| Is the chemical composition of defined media known? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| at least one ingrediant that is not chemically definable |
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Term
| Is complex media consistant from source to source? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| contains compounds that inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms, but not all |
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Term
| What does selective media select for? |
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Definition
| Microorganisms that can grow in the presence of an inhibitor |
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Term
| Differential media contains |
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Definition
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Term
| What does differential media allow for? |
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Definition
| differentiation of chemical reactions |
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Term
| Most, if not all differential media is also |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy from redox reactions is used in synthesis of |
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Definition
| energy rich compounds (ATP) |
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Term
|
Definition
| removal (or loss of) an electron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Redox reactions can also involve the transfer of a |
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Definition
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Term
The two halves of a redox reaction are
(From example) |
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Definition
| oxidation of H2 and reduction of O2 |
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Term
| In this case, H2 is the ______ and O2 is the _________. |
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Definition
| electron donor, electron acceptor |
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Term
| What is the measure of the variation in the tendency for substances to be electron donors/acceptors? |
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Definition
| Standard Reduction Potential (Eo') |
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Term
| What is Eo' expressed in? |
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Definition
| Half reactions (or volts) |
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Term
| Reduced substance of a redox couple with a more negative E0’ will |
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Definition
| donate electrons to the oxidized substance of a redox couple with a more positive E0’ |
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Term
| What does a redox tower represent? |
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Definition
| range of RPs for redox couples |
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Term
| The reduced substance is at the ____ of a redox tower |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxidized substance is at the ____ of a redox tower |
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Definition
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Term
| The farther the fall on a redox tower, |
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Definition
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Term
| Transfer of electrons usually involves intermediates called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of carriers that are freely difusable? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes in the membrane (prosthetic groups) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The chemical energy from redox reactions must be |
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Definition
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Term
| In living organisms, energy is conserved in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of phosphorylated compounds (3) |
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Definition
| Acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, PEP |
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Term
| What is not a high energy compound? |
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Definition
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Term
| High energy is released from the |
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Definition
| breakage of phosphate bonds |
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Term
| In what reactions are ATP generated? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what reactions are ATP cosumed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four essentials of catabolism |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Respiration and Electron Carriers
Proton Motive Force
Citric Acid Cycle |
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Term
| Chemoorganotrophs have two processes of energy conservation. These are: |
|
Definition
| fermentation and respiration |
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Term
| Fermentation occurs with what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does respiration occur? |
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Definition
| With O2 or another electron acceptor |
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Term
| Fermentation uses what kind of phosphorylation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is ATP synthesized in fermentation from an energy rich intermediate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiration uses what kind of phosphorylation? |
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Definition
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Term
| In respiration, ATP is formed by the |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the proton motive force made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the fermented substance an electron acceptor or donor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a common pathway for catabolism of glucose |
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Term
| What kind of reaction is glycolysis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three stages of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Stage 1: preparation
Stage 2: redox reactions, ATP
Stage 3: redox reactions, fermentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose is changed into G3P |
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Term
| In stage two, we make what from what? |
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Definition
| ATP and pyruvate from G3P |
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Term
| In stage two, electrons are donated to |
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Definition
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Term
| Stage two also conatains many |
|
Definition
| energy rich intermediates |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced in stage two? |
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Definition
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Term
| Summary of energy in stages 1 and 2 of glycolysis |
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Definition
Input – 2 ATP
Output – 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Net gain – 2 ATP per molecule of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| For each molecule of glucose, glycolysis makes what ATP? |
|
Definition
2 molecules of ATP
fermentation waste products |
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Term
| In fermentation, less energy is produced because (2 reasons) |
|
Definition
difference between the e- donor and acceptor are small
Glucose is only partially oxidized |
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Term
| With respiration, glucose is |
|
Definition
| completely oxidized to CO2 |
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Term
| Aerobic uses __ as the final acceptor |
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Definition
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Term
| Anaerobic uses __ as the final acceptor |
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Definition
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Term
| Electron transport carriers mediate electron transfer from _____ to _____ |
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Definition
| primary donor, terminal acceptor |
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Term
| Some of the energy in electron transport is conserved for |
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Definition
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Term
| What five redox enzymes are carriers in electron transport in respiration? |
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Definition
NADH dehydrogenases, flavoproteins, iron–sulfur proteins, cytochromes
Quinones (non protein carriers), non heme iron proteins |
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Term
| NADH Hydrogenases are bound to |
|
Definition
| the inside of the cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins and a flavin portion, which is a prosthetic group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of flavoproteins are |
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Definition
| Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins with iron containing prosthetic groups |
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Term
|
Definition
single
by the iron atom
in the heme |
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Term
| Different classes of cytochromes mean |
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Definition
| different reduction potential |
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Term
| Non heme iron proteins contain |
|
Definition
| clusters of iron and sulfur atoms |
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Term
| What are the two most common types of non heme iron proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Iron bonds to sulfur and proteins through |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of a non heme iron protien |
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Definition
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Term
| What do non heme iron proteins do |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic, non proteins |
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Term
| What are some quinones related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a quinone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Electron transport system
oriented in cytoplasmic membrane so that e- are separated from |
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Definition
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Term
| Electron carriers arranged in membrane in order of their |
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Definition
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Term
| The final carrier in the chain donate the electrons and protons to the |
|
Definition
| terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| During electron transfer, several protons are released on outside of the membrane |
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Term
| During electron transfer, several protons are released on outside of the membrane generates |
|
Definition
| pH gradient and an electrochemical potential across the membrane (the proton motive force) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| PMF can be used to do work (2 examples) |
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Definition
Ion transport
Flagellar rotation |
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Term
| PMF complex I (two things) |
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Definition
Donation of 2e- + 2H+ from NADH to FMN
Extrusion of 2H+ outside when FADH donates 2e- to |
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Term
| PMF Complex II Bypasses... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Donation of 2e- and 2h+ from FADH to quinones |
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Term
| In relation to complex I, how many protiens are pumped? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Electrons are transported from co-enzyme Q to cytochrome bc1
Then transferred to cytochrome c |
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Term
|
Definition
| from cytochrome c to cytochromes a and a3 |
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Term
| PMF complex 6 contains the |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| catalyst for conversion of the PMF into ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| multi-subunit head (cytoplasmic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| proton-conductin channel (membrane-spanning) |
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Term
| In ATP formation, Proton movement through Fe drives |
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Definition
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Term
| In ATP formation, Torque generated transmitted to F1 through |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes conformational changes in B (beta) subunits |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| How may ATP do NADH and FADH make? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hydrolysis of ATP can provide torque for |
|
Definition
| γ to rotate in the opposite direction |
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Term
| The reversibility of ATPase can generate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ATPases are often used in what kind of organism? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do inhibitors do this? |
|
Definition
| Prevent autochromes from functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevent ATP synthesis without affecting electron transport |
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Term
|
Definition
| Make membranes leaky– no PMF |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate |
|
Definition
| oxidized completely to CO2 |
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Term
| In the citric acid cycle intermediates are used for biosynthesis of (3) |
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Definition
| amino acids, cytochromes, fatty acids |
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Term
| In anaerobic respiration Electron acceptor is something other than |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Nitrate (NO3-)
Ferric iron (Fe3+)
Sulfate (SO42-)
Certain organic compounds |
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Term
| _____ energy produced compared to aerobic respiration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic respiration is dependent on (3) |
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Definition
| electron transport, generation of a proton motive force, and ATPase activity |
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Term
| Chemolithotrophs use what as electron donors? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Some examples of chemolithotroph electron donors |
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Definition
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
H2
Ferrous iron (Fe2+)
Ammonia (NH3) |
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Term
| Chemolithotrophs generally have ____ respiration |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are electron transport chain and proton motive force used in chemolithotrophs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Autotrophs use what as a carbon source? |
|
Definition
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