Term
| Conventional Susceptibility testing |
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Definition
| Reliable, reproducible, and is somewhat predictive of clinical efficacy, particularly if the isolate is resistant |
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Term
| True or False? Susceptibility testing is required and is enough to optimally treat infections. |
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Definition
| False. (not enough) still require more beyond laboratory result. |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic drug factors |
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Definition
Absorption
Distribution
Penetration into tissues
Penetration into cells
Metabolism
Excretion |
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Term
| Where are orally administered drugs absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do patients absorb oral drugs differently? |
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Definition
Absorption can vary with or without food (some with food, some without food, some food doesn’t matter)
Disruption, inflammation, or shortening of the intestine can reduce absorption |
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Term
| After absorption into the bloodstream, many antibiotics bind to what in the serum and release gradually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Except for cystitis, most infections occur were? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibiotics vary in their ability to penetrate into various tissues; this meaning what? |
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Definition
| Some never leave the capillaries, some pass freely and reach equal levels in tissues, and some concentrate in tissues. |
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Term
| Many people assume that if one antibiotic is good, two or more must be better; that all antibiotics are additive or what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most antibiotics are indifferent or sometimes antagonistic; Meaning what? |
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Definition
| They interfere with each other and the combination is less effective than either drug alone |
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Term
| How can then he oxygen and pH of the infection environment effect antibiotic activity |
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Definition
Chemically effect it.
Aminoglycosides are less active at acidic pH and low oxygen tension
Beta-lactams seem to retain their activity
Relevant in treating abscesses, which are anaerobic and acidic |
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Term
| Time dependent antibiotics are most effective if... |
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Definition
| Their level is kept just above the MIC; beta-lactams |
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Term
| concentration dependent antibiotics are most effective when? |
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Definition
| With a high dose concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
Generally poor during outpatient setting
WHY?
Not taking full course of prescription |
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Term
| Unintended effects of tissue therapy (antibiotics) include: |
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Definition
UTI's
Yeast Infection
Diarrhea
Other fungal infections |
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Term
| Microbial Factors include what? |
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Definition
Antibiotic resistance
Emergence of resistance during therapy
Antibiotic tolerance
Presence of biofilm
Release of toxins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Some bacterial species are innately resistant to some antibiotics meaning what? |
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Definition
| The all carry a resistance mechanism or lack the target for the drug |
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Term
| Acquired antibacterial resistance is done how? |
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Definition
Enzymatic inactivation (Bacterial enzymes destroy the drug)
Alteration in permeability (Bacteria change porins to exclude drugs)
Alteration in target sites
Elimination (active efflux) |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacterial strain is inhibited but not killed by the drug |
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Term
| Many device-related infections are almost completely explicable with the biofilm model, for example: |
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Definition
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
Ventilator-acquired pneumonia
Catheter-related bloodstream infections
Prosthetic joint and other implanted device infections |
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Term
| Other human infections may show some aspects of biofilm... |
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Definition
Endocarditis
Otitis media
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Cystic fibrosis
Periodontal infections |
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Term
| The interaction between the host, the microorganism and the drug is.. |
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Definition
| Complex and not always predictable by laboratory testing |
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Term
| Susceptibility testing is necessary but ... |
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Definition
| not sufficient to predict success or failure of therapy |
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