Term
| How are most CNS infections caused? |
|
Definition
| Result from trauma, an anatomic defect, or an infection elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Depending on age of the patient and the etiologic agent, some may cause permanent brain damage |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the meninges (or spinal fluid between them) called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the brain |
|
Definition
| Inside the skull; nerves and blood vessels enter, separated from tissues by the blood-brain barrier; ventricles, spaces filed with fluid inside the brain; cranial nerves enervate the head directly |
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the meninges |
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Definition
| Three membranes, the dura is the outer membrane, with spinal fluid between the pia and the arachnoid membranes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the peripheral nerves |
|
Definition
| Motor nerves run from the spinal cord to the muscles in the body; Sensory nerves run from the tissues to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the clear colorless fluid that is derived from blood, produced by the ventricles and feeds the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the circulation of the CSF |
|
Definition
| Flows from the ventricles out the brain base, around the brain, down the spinal cord and back up to the brain, where it is reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a virus that can travel along the nerve axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a disease that can remain latent in the nerve ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can Herpes infect the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Infections of the skull, sinus, middle ear, mastoids, skull factures, nasopharyngeal colonization can all lead to CNS infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the etiology of Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
Definition
| Neonatal period (<1 month); maternal vaginal flora, sepsis causes meningitis |
|
|
Term
| What form of bacterial meningitis is now rare due to the vaccine given to children at 2,4, and 6 months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fastest progressing meningitidis, common in college students? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis? |
|
Definition
| Produces fever, headache, with a petechial rash |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Neisseria meningitidis has a vaccine that is conjugated to a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of meningitis effects all age groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of meningitis is caused by foodborne microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
| Direct spread from the nasopharynx, sinustitis, otitis, or bacteremia |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
| Headache, fever, stiff neck |
|
|
Term
| How is meningitis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
With a spinal tap; do Gram stain, culture, antigen tests, PCR, measure white blood cells, glucose and protein
Bacterial meningitis should show bacteria, WBCs, low glucose and high protein |
|
|
Term
| How is Bacterial meningitis treated? |
|
Definition
| All 5 bacterial types respond to high-dose IV ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| Which types of bacterial meningitis have vaccines? |
|
Definition
| H.influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium leprea is an infection of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy) look like in tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Leprosy can be cultured in armadillos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue does mycobacterium leprae prefer? |
|
Definition
| Cooler tissues such as the nose, fingers, or toes |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of leprosy |
|
Definition
| The patient looses sensation in the affected areas; injury and immune response destroys tissues |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period for leprosy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WIth 6 months of antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What group do most viral meningitis viruses belong to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the epidemiology of viral meningitis |
|
Definition
| Common in summer, fecal-oral spread, by swimming in contaminated water |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of viral meningitis |
|
Definition
| Virus is swallowed, absorbed, viremia, causes a mild, self-limiting meningitis |
|
|
Term
| True or False: A positive test for viral meningitis will show no bacteria, normal glucose and protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for viral encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does Arthropod-borne viral encephalitis affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When and where was the first case of West Nile Virus? |
|
Definition
| Retired people in Central Park, NYC in 1999, probably imported from Israel |
|
|
Term
| How did West Nile spread across the US |
|
Definition
| Each season from East to West |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A GI virus that attacks the motor nerves, causes paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was the epidemic of Polio in the US solved |
|
Definition
| Chlorinated drinking water |
|
|
Term
| What was the therapy for Polio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Rabies transmitted? |
|
Definition
| To humans through animal bites |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Rabies |
|
Definition
| Enters the motor nerve at the nerve-muscle junction, follows the nerve up to the brain, multiplies in the brain to cause encephalitis, high mortality at this stage |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Rabies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes cryptococcal meningitis |
|
Definition
| Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans |
|
|
Term
| Where is cryptococcus neoformans commonly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cryptocococcus neoformans are encapsulated and killed by lung macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within what type of patients is cryptococcal meningitis common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis |
|
Definition
| Slow progression of headache, dizziness, weight loss, fever |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for cryptococcal meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Naegleria fowleri? |
|
Definition
| free-living amoeba in water |
|
|
Term
| How is Naegleria fowleri acquired? |
|
Definition
| swimming in water without chlorine |
|
|
Term
| What does Naegleria fowleri cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Trypanosomiasis |
|
Definition
| African Sleeping Sickness |
|
|
Term
| What causes African Sleeping Sickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the reservoir for ASS |
|
Definition
| In wild animals, spread by Tsetse fly |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of ASS |
|
Definition
| Slow progressive fevers, loss of mental activity, come and death |
|
|
Term
| What causes Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to patients with transmissible spongiform encaphopathy |
|
Definition
| slow, chronic, degenerative destruction of brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is transmissible spongiform encephalopathy called in sheep? In elk? In cows? |
|
Definition
| Scrapie; chronic wasting disease; mad cow |
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