Term
| Who are the most susceptible to genital tract infecitons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two STIs are increasing in incidence and prevalence |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where do infections usually localize in Males? |
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Definition
| Most infections expect syphiis are limited to the urethra; occasionally they can infect the prostate |
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Term
| Where do infections occur in females? |
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Definition
| Most parts can be infected; perineum, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, pelvic cavity |
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Term
| How does the cellular structure of the vaginal and cervical epithelium change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pH is the adult vagina? What pH is the post menstrual vagina |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the natural bacterial flora located in men and what is it? |
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Definition
| In the anterior urethra, staphylococcus |
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Term
| At puberty, what is the normal flora of the female genital tract? |
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Definition
| Lactobacillus, a few enterococci and yeasts |
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Term
| What does the vagina secrete, how is it produced? |
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Definition
| Glycogen, fermented to acid by Lactobacillus |
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Term
| What keeps the uterus and fallopian tubes sterile? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What non-STI do men occasionally get? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is usually associated with vaginal infections between puberty and menopause? |
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Definition
| Disruption of the normal flora by antibiotics; super infections |
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Term
| How are these infections diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Clinically; each has a typical presentation according to volume, appearance and pH of the discharge |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption of the lactobacillus normal flora due to antibiotic therapy, douching |
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Term
| What does vaginosis change in the vagina? What are signs and symptoms? |
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Definition
| Turns pH neutral, get vaginal discharge, smell, itching, burining |
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Term
| What replace lactobacillus in vaginosis |
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Definition
| Anaerobes and Gardnerella vaginalis |
|
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Term
| What drugs are typically used to treat vaginosis? |
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Definition
| Metronidazole or clindamycin |
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|
Term
| What microorganism causes yeast vaginosis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of yeast vaginosis? |
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Definition
| Itching, burning, white discharge |
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|
Term
| How is yeast vaginosis diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Absence of lactobacilli, presence of yeast |
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Term
| Explain the treatment of yeast vaginosis |
|
Definition
| Antifungal creams (Nystatin) or tablets (fluconazole) |
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Term
| What microorganism can cause Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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Definition
| S. aureus makes a toxin TSST-1 that is absorbed and causes systemic toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of TSS? |
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Definition
| Fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, hypotension |
|
|
Term
| What is TSS associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Requires direct contact between mucous membranes and exchange of body fluids. Not limited to genital contact, not limited to male-female contact |
|
|
Term
| When did STIs begin rising in numbers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for the increase in STIs |
|
Definition
| Birth control drugs replaced condom use, asymptomatic carriers, lack of immunity, persistent viruses |
|
|
Term
| How many STis are reportable to the CDC or health department |
|
Definition
| 4; all others cannot be traced |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemiology of Gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus); Gram negative diplococci, often intracellular |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| 2-5 day incubation period, Male urethritis with copious purulent discharge, Female cervical infection, dysuria, vaginal discharge, pelvic pain |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Gonorrhea |
|
Definition
| Bind to non-ciliated mucosal epithelium (urethra, cervix, pharynx, conjunctiva, anus via pili); changes surface antigens to avoid the immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis and treatment of Gonorrhea |
|
Definition
| Urethral or vaginal amplified DNA test; treatment is single-dose IM ceftriaxone; not penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What is epidemiology of Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis; an intracellular pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Describe the two-stage life cycle of Chlamydia |
|
Definition
Elementary bodies spread from person to person
Attaches to host receptors, enters cells, forms a reticulate body
Replicates to spread again |
|
|
Term
| What is the fastest increasing reportable STI, especially in high school and college age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathogenesis of Chlamydia |
|
Definition
7-14 day incubation (longer than gonorrhea)
Male urethritis has less discharge than gonorrhea, can be subclinical or asymptomatic
Female dysuria, vaginal bleeding, discharge, pelvic pain; can spread to salpingitis, infertility |
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|
Term
| Describe the diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia |
|
Definition
Urethral or cervical specimen, PCR DNA test
Treated using intracellular antibiotics; macrolides (azithromycin) are best |
|
|
Term
| What is the microorganism that causes Syphilis |
|
Definition
| A spirochete; Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of Syphilis |
|
Definition
Primary; hard chancre at the site of infection, goes away
Secondary; spreads systemically, causes a rash
Tertiary; immune response causes neurologic disorders |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Syphilis discovered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus |
|
Definition
| Type 2- a persistant virus; can be treated but never cured |
|
|
Term
| Explain the pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus |
|
Definition
| Forms vesicular lesions on the penis or vuvla; lesions last 2 to 3 weeks, itching, pain, fever; direct contact during the infectious period spreads the virus to the partner; can be congenital |
|
|
Term
| How is Herpes Simplex Virus diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Culture or PCR of genital lesions or CSF |
|
|
Term
| How is Herpes Simplex Virus treated? |
|
Definition
| Treatment by acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir. Reduce the symptoms, do not eliminate the latent virus from the sensory ganglia. Treatment episodes and chronic suppression |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common STI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genital warts: raised on the penis, vulva, anus; flat on cervix. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All warts caused by HPV will go away |
|
Definition
| False, some cause cervical cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visually, by Pap smear, or DNA test |
|
|
Term
| How are HPV warts treated? |
|
Definition
| Excision, laser, freezing |
|
|
Term
| What microorganism causes Trichomonas? |
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis, a flagellate |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Men who have Trichomonas are generally asymptomatic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which STIs pathogenesis is described below: Irritates vagina, itching, burning, yellow foamy discharge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Trichomonas diagnosed |
|
Definition
| Microscopic exam of discharge, see on a pap smear |
|
|
Term
| How is Trichomonas treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Crab lice caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do crab lice survive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are crab lice transmitted |
|
Definition
| By direct contact; 2mm long female lays eggs in pubic hair |
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