Term
| What are examples of upper respiratory tract infections? |
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Definition
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Diptheria
Pertussis
Ottitis media
The common cold |
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Term
| What is the function of the nasal mucosa? |
|
Definition
-Warms and humidifies air
-Catches airborne microorganisms
-Swells when irritated |
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Term
| What is the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract lined with? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of cells produce mucous? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the mucociliary escalator, |
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Definition
| Cilia sweep the mucous to the pharynx, where it is swallowed |
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Term
| Name the sterile structures of the upper respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
Tear ducts
Sinuses
Middle ear
Airway from trachea down |
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Term
| What is the normal flora of the anterior nares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal flora of the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
| Viridans streptococci, Moraxella spp., haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp. |
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|
Term
| What is the normal flora of the oral cavity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does normal flora stop? |
|
Definition
| About the level of the larynx |
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|
Term
| What is one of the most common infections in children? |
|
Definition
| Streptococcal pharyngitis |
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|
Term
| What strain of streptococcal pharyngitis causes 15-30% of all cases? |
|
Definition
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Term
| True or False: A child can become a carrier if streptococcal protein F adheres to human fibronectin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pyogenes |
|
Definition
| Invades the pharynx and causes inflammation |
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Term
| The erythrogenic toxin of streptococcal pharyngitis causes what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of Streptococcal pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
| Pain, fever, difficulty swallowing, erythema, petechial hemorrhaging, enlarged tonsils (adenoids) sometimes pus |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of viral pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When do poststreptococcal sequellae occur? |
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Definition
| Weeks or months after the infection |
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Term
| What is the result of rheumatic fever causes by strep? |
|
Definition
| In some cases, permanent valve damage |
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Term
| How is streptococcal pharyngitis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Throat swab with rapid antigen test and culture |
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Term
| What is the drug that is used to treat streptococcal pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin, macrolibes are alternative but resistance is increasing |
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Term
| True or False: Treatment does not change the course of infection, but prevents spread of sequellae |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The toxin of diphtheria causes damage to what organs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does Bordetella pertussis produce and cause? |
|
Definition
Produces several toxins
Causes tracheolaryngitis, "whooping cough" in children |
|
|
Term
| What is Bordetella pertussis treated with? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the epidemiology of Otitis media? |
|
Definition
-Very common, in 3/4 of children under 2
-Closely follows viral colds
-Kids grow out of them as their head grows |
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|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Otitis media. |
|
Definition
-Never a primary disease; starts when something closes the eusachian tube (cold, allergy, smoke)
-Can start with mixed flora, usually end up with Streptococcus pneumoniaw or Haemophilus influenzae |
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Term
| How is Otitis media diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Usually clinically; redness and bulging of the eardrum
Sometimes the drum can rupture or be aspirated to get culture material (tympanocentesis) |
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Term
| Describe initial treatment |
|
Definition
| Nothing; can give decongestants |
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Term
| Describe treatment if severe |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics-usually amoxicillin, Augementin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) or Pediazole (erythromycin/sulfa) |
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|
Term
| Describe treatment if recurrent |
|
Definition
| Drainage tubes to allow the ear to drain and dry |
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|
Term
| Describe the epidemiology of the common cold |
|
Definition
Extremely common; 2-5 per year
Spread by direct contact |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of the common cold? |
|
Definition
| Sore throat, rhinitis, cough, hoarseness |
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|
Term
| Where does the common cold virus enter? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the signs and symptoms of Adenovirus pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| Pharyngitis, rhinitis, low fever, enlarged lymph nodes |
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