Term
| What is an antimicrobial agent? |
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Definition
| A chemical which selectively inhibits or kills microorganisms at levels which are harmless to the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| Antimicrobial agents which are derived from other microorganisms |
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Term
| How are chemotherapeutic agents made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who looked for a "magic bullet" and made an arsenic compound called Salvarsan for syphillis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered Prontosil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Alexander Fleming discover? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Selman Waksman discover? |
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Definition
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Term
| What microorganisms are the three main sources of antiboitics? |
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Definition
| The bacterial actinomycetes (Streptomyces), Gram positive rods (Bacillus) and two molds (Penicillin and Cephalosporium) |
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Term
| What is selective toxicity? |
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Definition
| Interfere with metabolism which is unique to the pathogen; hurt the pathogen, not the patient. |
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Term
| Which is easier to find: antibacterial or antifungal and antivral agents and why? |
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Definition
| Antibacterial because bacteria are prokaryotic |
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Term
| This type of antibiotic is prescribed to prevent the occurrence of an infection that has not occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______________ antibiotic is prescribed to treat an infection based on the known identity and susceptibility of the etiologic agent |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of infection is an empiric antibiotic used to treat? |
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Definition
| An infection based on the most likely etiologic agent before or without diagnostic testing |
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Term
| What are the factors in antibiotic selection? |
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Definition
-Identity and susceptibility of the pathogen
-Potential side effects and history of adverse reactions to the drug
-Pregnancy
-Age of the patient
-Renal and hepatic function
-Site of infection
-Cost of drug |
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Term
| What type of antibiotic injection does not require absorption? |
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Definition
| IV drugs because they enter directly into the bloodstream |
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Term
| How are intramuscular drugs absorbed? |
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Definition
| Absorbed from muscle tissue into circulation |
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Term
| What means of giving an antibiotic varies greatly in their absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The percent of administered drug that reaches the circulation |
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Term
| True or False: Food, in some cases, can decrease the absorption of a drug |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a biphasic distribution curve? |
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Definition
| Drugs show this curve as they rapidly enter circulation, then slowly enter the tissues |
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Term
| If a drug is bound does it penetrate to tissues, why? |
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Definition
| No, because it is unavailable for antibacterial effect |
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Term
| True or False: Drugs are generally distributed evenly throughout the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the therapeutic index? |
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Definition
| The toxic dose/therapeutic dose |
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Term
| What are the most common toxicities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to set the dosing interval for drugs? |
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Definition
| The half-life of the drug |
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Term
| True or False: Patients who have renal or hepatic impairment will receive the same dosage as a healthy individual |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that stop replication but do not kill |
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Term
| What is a bactericidal drug? |
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Definition
| A drug that results in cell death |
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Term
| Give illness that require bactericidal drugs |
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Definition
| Endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, leukopenia |
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Term
| What are broad spectrum agents? |
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Definition
| Agents that act against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, often including anaerobes |
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Term
| What are narrow spectrum agents? |
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Definition
| Agents that act against limited families of bacteria |
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Term
| Why are drugs in combinations? |
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Definition
| Often for: empiric use, mixed infections, and to prevent resistance |
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Term
| Are combinations usually better, why or why not? |
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Definition
| No, due to: Synergy, addition, indifference, antagonistic |
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Term
| Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin attack what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What antibiotics attack protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides |
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Term
| Rifampin, fluoroquinolones attack what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Suflonamides and nitrofurantoin attack _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Polymyxin B attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cell wall inhibitors prevent? |
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Definition
| Prevent the peptide cross-linking |
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Term
| How do protein synthesis inhibitors work? |
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Definition
| The bacterial ribosome is different from eukaryotic ribosomes, antibiotics bind to it selectively |
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Term
| What do fluoroquinolones specifically inhibit? |
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Definition
| DNA gyrase; the unwinding enzyme that allows replication |
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Term
| What do rifamycins specifically do? |
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Definition
| Stop RNA polymerase from transcribing mRNA |
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Term
| What do membrane inhibitors do specifically? |
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Definition
| Stop folate synthesis and injure bacterial membrane |
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