Term
| What mediates the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do lymphocytes originate from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do B lymphocytes do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do T lymphocytes do? |
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Definition
| Coordinate the immune system and provide cellular immunity |
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Term
| Where are lymphocytes concentrated? |
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Definition
| In the spleen and lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that are recognized as foreign or non-self by the the immune system. |
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Term
| In the proper order, what are the best anitgens? |
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Definition
| Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Term
| For proteins, how many amino acids make up one epitope? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basic structure of an antibody? |
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Definition
| Four proteins- two long and short (heavy and light) proteins bound together in the middle by disulfide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| The amino acid sequence of one end is the same |
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Term
| What end of the antibody is highly variable |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the Fab ends of antibodies adhere to antigen epitopes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four functions of immunoglobulins |
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Definition
-Recognize and bind to foreign substances causing them to be removed by the lymphatic system
-Binding of antibody to antigen causes phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) to ingest the antigen (opsonization)
-Binding of antibody to toxins or viruses causes them to be inactivated
-Binding of antibodies to bacteria activates the complement cascade and the membrane attack complex |
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Term
| What is the highest level antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| What is IgG and where is it found? |
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Definition
| A monomer and is found in blood |
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Term
| What is IgA and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| A dimer; produced by mucosal membranes in secretions |
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Term
| What is the first antibody class made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of IgE and where is it found? |
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Definition
| A monomer- produced and found in tissues, when it finds its antigen it activates tissue basophils to produce the allergic response |
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Term
| What is the surface receptor for antigen on B lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of IgM? |
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Definition
| Initial systematic protection |
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Term
| What is the function of IgA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of IgD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of IgE? |
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Definition
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Term
| After initial exposure, B lymphocytes make a low level of what immunoglobulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does this process (of making immunoglobulins) begin and end? |
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Definition
| 3-5 days after exposure; ends in 2-3 weeks |
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Term
| Memory _____ and ______ cells are produced and stored where? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the body respond to a second exposure to an illness? |
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Definition
| The memory lymphocytes immediately multiply and differentiate |
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Term
| What immunoglobulin is produced on a low scale and what immunoglobulin is produced on a higher scale during secondary response? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is more IgG produced than IgM during the secondary response? |
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Definition
| It binds to its antigens better |
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Term
| The secondary response is slower/faster, higher/lower, and the antibody produced more/less actively binds the antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are vaccinations useful against infection? |
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Definition
| On subsequent exposures, the patient makes a secondary response instead of a primary |
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Term
| True/False: Antibodies can kill intracellular pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples or non-self diseases that are inside human cells? |
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Definition
-Intracellular bacteria and fungi
- Virus-infected host cells
- Malignant tumor cells |
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Term
| True/False: The cell-mediated immune response kills human cells to destroy the foreign agent inside |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False: Cell-mediated immune response requires the antigen to be presented to it |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of T cytotoxic (Tc) cells? |
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Definition
| To kill abnormal cells directly |
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Term
| What is the function of T helper (Th) cells? |
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Definition
| To activate macrophages to attack |
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Term
| What is unique about Natural killer (NK) cells and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Lack antigen specificity; to kill a host cell if an antibody is bound to it (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) |
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Term
| True/False: T lymphocytes do not have the same memory capacity as B lymphocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
| The immune response is not controlled and therefore kills the host |
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Term
| What prevents the development of lymphocytes against the host's own tissues during embryonic development ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of T suppressor cells (Ts)? |
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Definition
| Down-regulate the immune response, in the lymphoid tissue, when the infection is over |
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Term
| What is immunity influenced by? |
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Definition
-Genetics
- Nutrition
- General health
- Stress |
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Term
| What does an immune status test of antibody levels tell you? |
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Definition
| If a patient is immune to a disease or not |
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Term
| When would you administer immune globulin (pure antibody)? |
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Definition
| Give to patients who lack antibody, passive immunity |
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