Term
|
Definition
| Our defense against infection can be nonspecific |
|
|
Term
| Defenses produced specifically against a pathogen is called ___________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Includes a variety of tissues, cells, and systems which work together to protect us ("self") from foreign ("non-self") agents like infectious diseases |
|
|
Term
| What system is a loosely structured system which mirrors the circulatory system but collects fluids and blood cells after they have left the capillaries and filtered through the tissues, filters them through lymph nodes, and empties back into the veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the bone marrow differentiate into al the different types of blood cells from one of two groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops into lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of specific immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells develop into red and white blood cells of nonspecific immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are polymorphonuclear cells? |
|
Definition
| Non-specific leukocytes (granulocytes) that have segmented nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What do cytoplasmic granules contain and what do their contents do? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes which kill microorganisms after ingestion ( and which stain one of three colors) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common leukocytes in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leukocyte is the first cellular response to infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leukocytes produce cytokines which cause infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leukocyte cause allergic responses to antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stain is used to see Neutrophiles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stain is used to see Basophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stain is used to see Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mononuclear cells? |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific leukocytes that have nonsegmented nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What do mononuclear cells start out as and where are they released? |
|
Definition
| Small monocytes- into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells that enter tissues where they stay fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature cells that have enlarged and ingest foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What cells are more common in chronic infections rather than acute infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are the second stage of inflammation |
|
Definition
| Macrophages- following neutrophiles |
|
|
Term
| What are physical barriers to infection? |
|
Definition
- Intact skin and mucous membranes
- low pH of sweat, saliva, stomach acid
- physical flow of tears in the eyes, mucous in the respiratory tract and urine; a washing effect |
|
|
Term
| What are chemical barriers to infections? |
|
Definition
- Lysozyme and beta-lysin in serum, tears, mucous and leukocytes attack bacterial cell walls
- Peroxidase in leukocyte granules, saliva and milk kills microorganisms, especially catalase negatives |
|
|
Term
| What two ways can the cascade system be activated? |
|
Definition
| Specific antibody and nonspecific antibodies |
|
|
Term
| List the series of responses of the cascade system. |
|
Definition
- Enzymes attack the bacterial cell membrane (the membrane attack complex)
- Released proteins (cytokines) cause inflammation, brining more complement and phagocytes to the area
- Complement stuck to the bacteria acts as an opsonin; a receptor for the phagocyte to grab on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cells of the immune system that are coordinated via chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
| These cells are produced by virally-infected cells and protect nearby cells from infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediate inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells into tissues from the circulation |
|
|
Term
| These cells cause immature immune system cells to multiply and differentiate during attack by an invading microorganism |
|
Definition
| Colony Stimulating factors |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine mediates inflammation and kills foreign cells like tumor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are white blood cells (leukocytes), neutrophiles and macrophages designed to do? |
|
Definition
| These cells are designed to ingest foreign material and kill it |
|
|
Term
| What attracts leukocytes (and similar cells) to an area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell attaches to the foreign agent, helped by complement or antibody attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The invading agent is surrounded by a phagocyte cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What enter the phagosme to kill and digest the invader? |
|
Definition
| The cytoplasmic digestive enzyme granules |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Redness, heat, swelling and pain |
|
|
Term
| What does inflammation do to help protect the body? |
|
Definition
| Slows the spread of infection and bring host defenses to the area |
|
|
Term
| What starts the process of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Chemicals from damaged cells |
|
|
Term
| What causes redness that accompanies inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Coagulation in capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What causes granulocytes to degranulate and what does that cause? |
|
Definition
| Complement; releases vasodilators which cause leakage of plasma into tissues (swelling, heat, pain) |
|
|
Term
| What are physiologic responses to infection? |
|
Definition
Fever is an early and sensitive response to tissue damage.
Elevated temperature reduces the growth rate of microorganisms and improves inflammation
The body's metabolic rate increases to support the immune system |
|
|
Term
| Explain cytokines role in a fever. |
|
Definition
| Go to the hypothalamus in the brain and raise the body's set temperature |
|
|
