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Microbiology Exam 2
Chapter 7
55
Microbiology
2nd Grade
02/09/2012

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Term
Subunits of DNA
Definition
Nucleotides, Phosphate, and Pyrimidine or Purine Base
Term
How are chain of sugars and phosphates held together?
Definition
Covalent bonds (with bases pointing outwards)
Term
DNA uses
Definition
Deoxyribose
Term
RNA Nucleotide
Definition
Ribose
Term
Why are purines and pyrimides called bases?
Definition
They determine the nucleotide used
Term
How many rings do purine have?
Definition
2 Rings
Term
How many rings to pyrimidines have?
Definition
1 Rings
Term
What Pyrimidine does DNA use?
Definition
Thymine
Term
What Pyrimidine does RNA use?
Definition
Uracil
Term
Pentoses
Definition
Connected by strong covalent phosphate bones between #3 and #5 carbons.
Term
How do the two single strands line up in chromosomes?
Definition
Opposite directions, anti-parallel
Term
What types of bonds do the bases make with each other?
Definition
Weak Hydrogen Bonds
Term
What does Thymine bind with?
Definition
Adenine, forming 2 hydrogen bonds
Term
What does Cytosine bind with?
Definition
Guanine, forming 3 hydrogen bonds
Term
DNA molecule:
Definition
Consist of two anti-parallel stands with one 5' end and one 3' end
Term
Two DNA strands run in which direction?
Definition
Opposite
Term
What type of DNA do bacteria have?
Definition
single double helix circle
Term
What does replication result in?
Definition
One exact copy of the original DNA chromosome
Term
DNA polymerase complex
Definition
Sits on original replication, unwinds the helix, separates the hydrogen bonds of the base pairs and adds new nucleotides to the template strand
Term
Replication
Definition
proceeds in both directions and is called replication forks
Term
Are both strands replicated continuously?
Definition
One is, the other is not because the enzyme can only go in one direction
Term
Is replication semi-conservative or conservative
Definition
semi-conservative
Term
Transcription
Definition
Making RNA from DNA
Term
Translation
Definition
Making Protein from RNA
Term
RNA is make directly from what?
Definition
DNA
Term
RNA uses what instead of deoxyribose and thymine?
Definition
Ribose and Uracil
Term
RNA is single or double stranded
Definition
single stranded
Term
How is RNA used?
Definition
Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA and Transfer RNA
Term
mRNA does what?
Definition
Forms exact cops of the DNA
Term
tRNA does what?
Definition
Bring amino acid to ribosomes
Term
rRNA does what?
Definition
helps forms ribosomes
Term
What are DNA coding regions called?
Definition
Genes
Term
What do DNA regulatory genes or regions do?
Definition
Allow transcription to be turned on and off
Term
RNA polymerase can make what new strand from one of the DNA strands?
Definition
mRNA
Term
Transcription Process Steps:
Definition
1.Initation
2.Elongation
3.Termination
Term
Initiation
Definition
RNA polymerase bonds to the DNA regulatory region and starts making RNA at the beginning of the coding region
Term
Elongation
Definition
The polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding RNA nucleotides together to make mRNA complementary to the DNA template
Term
Termination
Definition
The polymerase comes to the end of the gene, hits the top codon, stops and falls off
Term
Each of the 20 amino acids is coded by a set of how many RNA nucleotides?
Definition
A set of 3
Term
What are the 64 possible triplets for the 20 amino acids called?
Definition
Codons
Term
True/False: No codon codes for more than one amino acid, so translation is always accurate.
Definition
TRUE.
Term
What type of RNA does translation use?
Definition
tRNA
Term
How many separate tRNA's does a cell have?
Definition
20-one for each amino acids
Term
What binds to the mRNA single strand?
Definition
A ribosome
Term
How many binding sites for tRNA does the ribosome have?
Definition
Two binding sites
Term
Translation Process Steps:
Definition
The ribosome grabs the tRNA that it needs for its codon, the peptide sit hold the first tRNA, its anti-codon bound to the corresponding mRNA codon, the acceptor site accepts the incoming tRNA that it needs for its next codon.
Term
How many amino acids are adding during elongation?
Definition
One at a time
Term
In which step do antibiotics inhibit bacteria?
Definition
The translation step
Term
How does a cell turn off or on syntheses?
Definition
Regulatory mechanisms turn syntheses of proteins on or off at the gene level
Term
What does the inducer do?
Definition
Turns on the regulatory region, allowing genes to be turned on and every enzyme made only when they are needed.
Term
Inducible
Definition
Enzymes that are normally turned off but can be turned on
Term
Constitutive enzymes
Definition
Enzymes that are always one
Term
Geonomics
Definition
The study of the DNA sequence of an organism
Term
What was the first complete sequence of a microorganism? What was it called?
Definition
1995, Haemophilis influenzae
Term
What is genomic useful for?
Definition
The design of drugs
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