Term
| What does the cell's genome contain? |
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Definition
| Its total genetic potential |
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Term
| What is the cell's genotype? |
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Definition
| The sum of all structural and regulatory genes |
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Term
| What affects the cell's genome expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| The expressed characteristics of a cell are its _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do mutations permanently change the DNA genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Cenes can be transferred between cells. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in the nucleotide sequence |
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Term
| True or False: Genes can be transferred between cells |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a mutation affect the cell? |
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Definition
| A mutation affects the cell by changing the codon, therefore the codon's amino acid, and therefore the resulting protein. |
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Term
| When do base substitutions occur? |
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Definition
| Usually during DNA replication |
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Term
| What do frame shifts cause? |
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Definition
| Change the resulting amino acid sequence and make nonfunctional proteins |
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Term
| What increases the rate of spontaneous mutations and how? |
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Definition
| Mutagens- by damaging the DNA (called induced mutations) |
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Term
| What are the four types of mutagens? |
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Definition
1.Chemicals that damage nucleotide bases
2. Base analogs- changes codons
3. Intercalating agents- cause base additions
4. Ultraviolet radiation- causes thymine dimers |
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Term
| How does the cell repair thymine dimers? |
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Definition
| An enzyme uses light energy |
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Term
| What do proofreading and mismatch repair enzymes find? |
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Definition
| Damaged DNA, cut it out and repair it |
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Term
| Over many replications, the cells in a bacterial population will show what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why do prokaryotic cells immediately express mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are small circles of DNA that can exist outside the chromosome or insert themselves into the chromosome? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion of new, functional DNA into a cell's chromosomes |
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Term
| What are the means of DNA transfer? |
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Definition
1. Transformation- naked DNA in the medium can be sucked up by bacteria and integrated into the genome
2. Transduction- bacterial viruses can pick up bacterial DNA and transfer it to newly infected bacterial cells
3. Conjugation- related bacterial cells can transfer DNA through a pilus if they are touching |
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Term
| True or False: Plasmids can replicate independently |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Plasmids cannot recombine with chromosomes and pop back out |
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Definition
|
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Term
| True or False: All plasmids are the same size and shape. |
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Definition
| False, they vary in size from few to many genes |
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Term
| How are plasmids transferred? |
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Definition
| Between bacteria through conjugation. |
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Term
| Are transferred genes functional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does DNA transfer move genes separately or in groups of related genes? |
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Definition
| In groups of related genes as a set. |
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