Term
|
Definition
| the presence of bacteria in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficult, painful, urgent urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of puss in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of blood in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of protein in the urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the majority of urinary tract infections are caused by ( ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterial STD pathogen)
signs: urethral itching, dysuria, mucoid urethral discharge |
|
|
Term
E. coli
Chlamydia trachomatis - bacterial STD pathogen
Mycoplasma genitalium - no cell wall (no gram staining), aerobic bacillus
MEC |
|
Definition
| causes of nongonococcal urethritis |
|
|
Term
| cystitis (bladder inflammation) |
|
Definition
signs: dysuria, pyuria
effects more females than males (8:1) |
|
|
Term
usually caused by E. coli
#2 cause is staphylococcus saprophyticus - facultative anaerobe, gram positive coccus in irregular clusters, typical endogenous bacterium, found naturally on skin and in the genito/urinal area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in 1/4 of untreated cystitis cases it progresses to the kidneys (in an ascending UTI).
signs: dysuria, back pain, hematuia, fever, bacteriuria, inflammation of one or both kidneys
tubular destruction, abscess formation, neutrophils (produce enzymes that cause further damage), debri (makes it harder for the kidneys to filter) |
|
|
Term
E. coli
Mycoplasma hominis - no cell wall, aerobic bacillus, more common in sexually active people, not endogenous, but common in human beings. |
|
Definition
| main causes of pyelonephritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signs: proteinuria, hematuria due to swollen glomeruli; immune complexes containing streptococcal antigens
toxins will be released by the bacterium and the body will respond by producing antibodies - basement membrane becomes obscured due to antigen/antibody complexes, causes lack of filtration and increased BP
increased cytokine production - causes inflammation (also effects filtration of BP) |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes toxins |
|
Definition
| what usually causes glomerulonephritis? |
|
|
Term
Treponema pallidum
anaerobic spirochete
cannot gram stain
highly sensitive to environmental stress
endoflagella - has a membrane on the outside and just underneath is the flagella. whips around inside and moves in a circular path. |
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes syphilis |
|
|
Term
syphilis
more fatal than gonorrhea |
|
Definition
often coexists with gonorrhea bacterium
primary stage: chancres, Treponema pallidum comes in contact with skin and burrows in b/c it is anaerobic, 2-4 weeks after the infection
secondary stage: hand/feet rash, body rash, condylomata lata (large oozing growths), fever, malaise, lethargy, hair loss, nausea, dissemination of spirochete
latent stage: no symptoms, usually not infectious but can be, just stops at the secondary phase. months to years after infection. dangerous when the person is pregnant especially if they are infectious at this time.
tertiary stage: gummas on internal organs and skin (abscess, ulcerated area), CV and CNS involvement. |
|
|
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gram negative
aerobic diplococcus
intracellular bacterium - strong survival mechanism
fragile |
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invades urethra (urethritis), pus, dysuria, females often asymptomatic
GU, endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis, anal and pharyngeal discharge
can cause sterility: orchitis in males (inflammation of the testes), salpingitis in females (inflammation of the fallopian tubes) |
|
|
Term
Chlamydia trachomatis
gram negative
aerobic bacillus
intracellular
resistant to stress - if it is off the human host it can survive |
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes chlamydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar to gonorrhea but causes NGU
causes an increased risk of cervical cancer in women
#1 STD in the US, #1 cause of infertility
causes sterility through: orchitis in males (inflammation of the testes) or salpingitis in females (inflammation of the fallopian tubes)
discharge is clear mucous, females often asymptomatic
most common bacterial STD |
|
|
Term
| pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
Definition
any extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs (ovaries, cervix, uterus, oviducts)
during reproductive years, 1/10 suffer this and 1/4 will have chronic pain and infertility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pathogen that causes human pailloma virus infection (genital warts) |
|
|
Term
| human papilloma virus (gennital warts) |
|
Definition
condylomata acuminata, pea or cauliflower-like growths; dry, painless growths
can lead to cervical cancer and cancer of the penis
most common viral STD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes herpes simplex virus II infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resides in nerve cells
painful blisters
recurring bouts
congenital herpes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes hepatitis B virus infection |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis B Virus infection |
|
Definition
transmitted sexually but also through needles
asymptomatic to flu-like symptoms to enlarged liver (liver cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes human immunodeficiency virus |
|
|
Term
| human immunodeficiency virus |
|
Definition
retrovirus - starts with RNA and is converted to DNA, reverse transcriptase
binds to monocytes, macrophages, and CD4 receptors on helper T cells
symptoms - immune compromised so get other opportunistic infections like pneumonia, thrush (fungal infection of the mouth) |
|
|
Term
Trichomonas vaginalis
anaerobic protozoan |
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes trichomoniasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vulvovaginitis
NGU
foul discharge (females)
most common protozoal STD
pelvic inflammatory disease rare b/c it stays in the vaginal area b/c of the pH, does go into the fallopian tubes. has evolved to stay in the urethra of the penis with the high acidity of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pubic lice, crabs
attach to pubic hair, feed on blood of host, glue eggs to hair
cause papules, itch because of saliva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mites; burrow into skin, tunnel filled with eggs/feces
enzymes and saliva can destroy tissues
very easy to auto inoculate yourself through scratching |
|
|
Term
Candida albicans
yeast (fungus) |
|
Definition
| pathogen that causes candidiasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
common in GI and genitourinary tracts
NGU, vulvovaginitis, thrush
infection through sexual transmission, antibiotics, cancer treatments, pregnancy, douching, anything that disrupts vaginal pH
most common fungal STD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in-urtero, from mother to fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any agent that causes physical defects in a developing embryo
chemicals, viruses |
|
|
Term
fetus has separate blood supply
mother has antibodies, immune system |
|
Definition
| what maternal factors protect the embryo from infection? |
|
|
Term
fetus cannot protect itself b/c their immune system isn't developed
don't have well formed spleens, so they cannot protect themselves. |
|
Definition
| what fetal factors inhibit protection against infection? |
|
|
Term
congential (in utero) infection: maternal -> placental -> fetal infection
perinatal infection: maternal blood; passage down infected birth canal.
postnatal infection: milk, blood, saliva, contact
[image] |
|
Definition
3 routes of infection in embryo/fetus and neonate.
***KNOW THESE FOR THE EXAM*** |
|
|
Term
| cytomegalovirus (herpesviridae) |
|
Definition
| what pathogen causes congenital CMV? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if mother is exposed about 40% of fetuses will be infected
symptoms: CNS damage, eye abnormalities, retardation, anemia, enlarged liver and spleen, abnormal skin, microcephaly, inflamed retina, ***pizza pie retinopathy*** |
|
|
Term
| rubella virus, Togaviridae |
|
Definition
| what pathogen causes congenital rubella? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most serious infections occur during the first trimester
low birth weight, brain, eye, and ear problems, heart lesions, diabetes mellitus
MMR vaccine prevents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in developing countries, 1/4 of infants born to mothers with this disease are infected
signs: oral thrush, diarrhea, pneumonia, enlarged liver, lymph nodes, and spleen, developmental problems
during the last trimester infection rates are very high
can get a C-section, or given antiretrovirus medications, should not breastfeed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare in the US due to screening, common in many countries
most common during the latent stage. What about primary and secondary stages? most maternal infections during this stage will result in stillbirths.
signs: enlarged liver and spleen, abnormal bone, cartilage, and teeth development |
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii, protozoan |
|
Definition
| what pathogen causes toxoplasmosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually no ill effects except congenitally or if immune compromised adult
ingests cysts from contact with cat feces or insufficiently cooked meat (lamb, pork)
retardation, enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice, hydrocephaly, convulsions, stillborn |
|
|
Term
conjunctivitis: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Staphylococcus spp.
meningitis/septicemia: E. coli, Streptococcus spp.
thrush: Candida albidans
scalded skin/baby syndrome: Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
| examples of infections acquired at birth |
|
|
Term
[image]
know the sclera, cornea, iris, lens, retina, and conjunctiva. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blephartis an infection of the lid margin causing dead skin and irritants, glands produce too much fluid.
blephartis is usually due to what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A sty is an infection of the lid margin that is a raised, puss filled pocket. Glands become plugged.
A sty is usually due to what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
1) Haemophilus influenzae
2) Staphylococcus aureus
3) Streptococcus pneumoniae
4) Neisseria gonorrhoeae - neonatal gonorrhea ophthalmia; infant is exposed to pathogen while passing through the birth canal; pus, ulceration of the cornea, blindness.
5) Chlamydia trachomatis - Chlamydial conjunctivitis; infant is exposed to pathogen while passing through the birth canal; usually resolves itself but may lead to scarring of cornea (*trachoma*) |
|
Definition
| most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis. HAVE TO KNOW THESE FOR THE EXAM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scarring of the cornea
leading cause of blindness in the world
spread by hands, fomites, birth canals, flies
long-term abrasion by scars, turned in eyelashes |
|
|
Term
infecting the eyes: flies carrying the microorganism land on children's eyes to feed on discharge
family contact: women who take care of children also get the infection
dirty hands or face cloths also spread the disease |
|
Definition
| how can trachoma be spread? |
|
|
Term
1) adenovirus - associated with upper respiratory infections, common colds
2) paramyxoviruses - measles
3) herpes simplex virus - varicella zoster (chicken pox) |
|
Definition
| most common viral causes of conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
Acanthamoeba spp.
causes conjunctivitis and/or keratitis (inflammation of the cornea)
amoeba found in fresh water, tap water, hot tubs, soil, contact lens solution |
|
Definition
| common cause of protozoan conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes itching, redness, and excessive tearing in both eyes. your nose may also be stuffy, itchy, and runny. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often spreads to both eyes and causes a heavy discharge, sometimes greenish. Crusting may appear on eyelids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually only effects one eye, which has excessive watering and a light discharge. crusting on eyelids sometimes occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what disease causes the development of cataracts in utero? |
|
|
Term
| cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii |
|
Definition
| what pathogens can cause the development of retinitis in utero? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eye drops can be contaminated with what pathogen? |
|
|
Term
nerves
blood vessels - blood borne invasions take place across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal barriers |
|
Definition
| what is the main route of infection to the brain (protected by the skull) and the spinal cord (protected by the vertebral column)? |
|
|
Term
toxins (neurotoxins) can invade the BBB if the infectious load is high
bacterium that is intracellular will help it to get through
bacterium within a capsule can evade phagocytic destruction
body responds via inflammation at the CNS and can cause damage to inflamed tissues
trauma to the brain/CNS |
|
Definition
| What are the different ways that the blood brain barrier are invaded? |
|
|
Term
Clostridium tetani
gram positive bacillus |
|
Definition
pathogen that causes tetanus
bacteria don't invade, but toxins do, anaerobic conditions
spores from soil of feces enter a wound; produces a neurotoxin that is carried by the PNS axons (anaerobic conditions); blocks inhibitory spinal synapses, over-activity of motor neurons; muscle rigidity (lockjaw); diaphragm can't relax and causes death |
|
|
Term
| toxins block the release of acetylcholine at PNS synapses. contraction is inhibited. |
|
Definition
| what is the mechanism of action of botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes covering the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
each possess capsules (virulence factors - ability of an infectious agent to cause disease)
1) Haemophilus meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae (gram negative coccobacillus, aerobic), occurs more in children (causes ear infections that can lead to meningitis)
2) Menigococcal meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis (gram negative diplococcus, aerobic), carried asymptomatically by 20% of the population in nasopharynx; occurs more in young adults in close quarters
3) Pneumococcal meningitis: Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram positive diplococcus, facultative anaerobe), in the throats of many Americans; severe; occurs more in infants, older adults, alcoholics; 30-50% of cases |
|
Definition
three main bacterial causes of bacterial meningitis (more severe but less common than viral meningitis)
headache, sore throat, body rash, drowsiness, photophobia, stiff neck, vomiting |
|
|
Term
viral meningitis
VIRAL IS NOT AS SEVERE AS BACTERIAL MENINGITIS <- KNOW FOR EXAM |
|
Definition
most common type of meningitis
headache, fever, photophobia
many causes: HIV, poliovirus, herpes simplex virus, mumps |
|
|
Term
Naegleria fowleri, a free living amoeba
can be common in stagnant fresh water ponds and lakes
inhaled, invades olfactory mucosa, reaches meninges, can be rapidly fatal. |
|
Definition
| What often causes protozoal meningitis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterium that causes botulism
found in spores from canned foods and soil, ingested, gut to blood.
toxins block the release of acetylcholine at PNS synapses (GI tract infection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe inflammation of the brain
usually viral origin
usually tick or mosquito borne, but may also result from polio, mumps, rubella, measles, HIV, CMV, HSV, rabies infection
sometimes bacterial, protozoan
cerebral dysfunction, nausea, fever, seizures
occurs more in summer, early fall (mosquitoes are more active during this time) |
|
|
Term
| rabies virus, Rhabdoviridae |
|
Definition
causes rabies encephalitis
virus can infect all mammals
virus replicates at bite, ascends axons to the CNS, spreads, descends down PNS to skin, salivary glands
sore throat, fever, pain at wound, headache, muscle spasms, death
relatively long incubation period
throat becomes paralyzed and body produces a lot of saliva trying to get rid of the virus, causing foaming at the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arthropod-borne pathogen (mosquito vector) encephalitis common
hosts primarily humans, birds, horses, small mammals
chills, fever, headache, severe (coma, death)
example: St. Louis Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flat red lesion
local inflammation
immune response
rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
raised, red lesion
more marked
inflammation
invasion of neighboring tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small blister
microbe invades epithelium
fluid filled
ex) HSV, varicella zoster virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelium ruptures
microbe discharged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection of the hair follicle caused by Staphylcococcus aureus
sebaceous glands become clogged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by staphylococcus aureus
involved deeper layers of the skin, glands, and/or hair follicles
becomes encapsulated and walled off from the rest of the body: becomes harder to treat and harder for the immune system to get to it
popping will break the capsule and the Staphylococcus aureus may become systemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by Staphylococcus aureus
involves more than one follicle and deep tissue
hard, round, NOT WALLED OFF |
|
|
Term
Staphylococcus aureus
exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Definition
what can cause toxic shock syndrome?
fever, rash, exfoliation of palms, soles
can involve multiple organ systems |
|
|
Term
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyrogenes |
|
Definition
causes impetigo: vesicles (pustules) that become crusted and rupture
spread by contact
enter skin through abrasion or insect bite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if a wound causes the blood supply to be interrupted, a condition called ( ) occurs and the wound becomes anaerobic.
ischemia leads to death of a tissue, also known as necrosis; this can lead to ( ). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram positive bacillus, anaerobic
causes gangrene: the death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply
toxins move along muscle bundles, killing cells, necrosis of tissue
mechanism: substances released from dead/dying cells provide nutrients for bacterium; as they grow, they ferment carbohydrates in tissues producing gases (CO2, H2) causing tissue swelling; bacterial enzymes degrade collagen in the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram positive bacillus, aerobe
causes leprosy (Hansen's disease)
grows in the PNS and skin
prefers outer, cooler portions of the body
nerve damage from cell mediated immune response
neural form: tingling sensation on the skin where the area of skin is responding to nerve damage. usually a person with a healthy immune system can rid themselves of the neural form (found in the US)
progressive form: will die from co-infection from something else, not the leprosy. progressive form is not highly contagious. nodules, disfigurement
armadillo is the animal reservoir in the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungi that colonize in the hair, nails, and outer layer of the epidermis
degrade keratin present by secreting keratinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ringworm of the scalp, dermatomycoses caused by a dermatophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jock itch, dermatomycoses caused by a dermatophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| athlete's foot, dermatomycoses caused by a dermatophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ringworm of the body, dermatomycoses caused by a dermatophyte |
|
|
Term
Varicella-Zoster virus
shingles and chickenpox are different expressions of the same virus |
|
Definition
causes chickenpox
Herpesviridae
entry into the respiratory system, eventually localizes in skin cells
vesicle -> rupture -> scab |
|
|
Term
Herpes-Zoster virus
shingles and chickenpox are different expressions of the same virus |
|
Definition
causes shingles
Herpesviridae
latent varicella-zoster virus is in the dorsal root ganglion near spine
virus reactivates (induced by stress)
[image]
a cluster of small bumps turns into blisters as the virus starts to reactivate; reactivation and blisters fill with lymph fluid; crusting over; healing; postherpetic neuralgia can sometimes occur (nerve damage) leading to pain without rash, difficult to manage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes rubella, also known as German measles
acquired mostly through inhalation of infected droplets
may also be present on skin, in urine, and in feces
incubation of 2-3 weeks
milder than measles, may go undetected
rash of small raised spots, fever
complications in children rare; may cause adult encephalitis
congenital rubella can cause deformities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes rubeola (measles)
highly contagious, spread by respiratory route
***measles is the leading cause of vaccine preventable disease in the world***
***Koplik's spots*** (red patches with central white spot) inside mouth; body rash
cough, conjunctivitis, fever, lymph node swelling
can be complicated by otitis media and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes molluscum contagiosum
skin infection only affecting humans
approximately 1 in 6 young infected at some point
most commonly seen in 1-10 year olds
can affect any area of the skin (body, arms, legs)
flesh colored dome-shaped lesions are typical
transmitted through contact or shared articles of clothing (can be sexually transmitted in adults, could be mistaken for warts (HPV)
generally lasts 6 weeks to 5 months (can last longer, cases reported up to 5 years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protozoan pathogen that causes the muscle infection Chagas' disease
found in central and south america, but entering US
vector: kissing bug
deposits pathogen on skin when feeding and defecating
Romana's sign (swollen eyelid)
fever, tissue destruction via autoimmune response
invades myofibrils of the heart and CNS |
|
|
Term
| Trichinella spiralis, roundworm |
|
Definition
causes the muscle infection, trichinosis
encysted form in the muscle of the host
ingestion of raw hamburger or pork sausage dangerous
fever, GI upset, edema around eyes
larva is in cyst in muscle; larva break out of cyst in the SI; larva in mucosa of SI; larva circulate and stay in the diaphragm.
most infections are insignificant, only serious if high numbers of larvae are ingested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes: fractures, orthopedic operations, abscessed teeth, UTIs, Staphylococcus aureus from a popped boil
often caused by one infection, but may be a mixed infection
systemic fungal infections can also cause it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spirochete that doesn't gram stain, microaerophilic
causes lyme disease
vector: hard (deer) tick
main reservoir: mice
#1 vector borne disease in the US |
|
|
Term
1) rash, flu-like
2) increased heart rate; Bell's palsy (paralysis of the side of the face); meningitis, encephalitis
3) lyme arthritis (syphilis-like problem)
can be reversed up until the 3rd stage, but damage may have been done by this point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
want to try to get close to the mouth, if you pull out the body the pathogen will get pushed in.
remove it at the angle it is embedded in the body.
don't burn it off and don't cover it with nail polish |
|
Definition
| how do you remove an embedded tick? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes relapsing fever: high fever, jaundice, rose-colored skin spots; macular rash
spirocete, doesn't gram stain, microaerophilic
vector: soft tick
main reservoir: mice
transovarian transmission - pathogen is in the tick eggs; a female pregnant tick will pass the pathogen to the host through the egg
3 or 4 relapses may occur, each shorter and less severe. why? the body develops memory cells and specific antibodies, however the pathogen evades some phagocytosis by immune cells and changes cell surface antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes rocky mountain spotted fever
gram negative, intracellular aerobic bacillus
vector: hard (dog) tick
transovarian transmission
mainly in SE US
intracellular in the host (endothelium) AND the vector (RBCs), very lethal
pathogen damages the permeability of endothelium of blood capillaries by replicating in them; abrupt onset, fever, headache, chills, macular rash, loss of plasma, shock, often fatal if misdiagnosed
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes ehrlichiosis
vector: hard (dog) tick
gram negative, intracellular aerobic bacillus
mainly SE and SC US
chills, fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, maculopapular rash (in less than 1/2 of cases), malaise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes epidemic typhus
gram negative intracellular aerobic bacillus
vector: human body louse
multiply in the gut epithelium of the louse, secreted when feeding on skin; pathogen enters the skin through scratch; spread to vascular endothelium in skin, heart, muscle, CNS, etc.
fever, chills, macular rash, meningoencephalitis, high mortality
africa, central/south america, US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes arbovirus encephalitis (west nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis)
vector: mosquitoes
vertebrate reservoir: birds
10 types worldwide, 6 in US; common in US
most cases subclinical, some fatal; all active cases characterized by chills, headache, fever; if progresses, mental confusion, coma, neurological problems
SLE most common; both SLE and WNV are throughout US; WNV more severe; fatality increases with age (both) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes viral hemorrhagic fever (yellow fever)
vector: mosquito
fever, chills, headache; then vomiting, nausea; then yellowing of the skin (jaundice)
mortality rates high (~20%)
was endemic to US until mosquito control programs. the vector that carries this pathogen is very common in the US so the pathogen can be spread in the US.
currently in central america, SA, africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes Dengue fever (viral hemorrhagic fever)
vector: mosquito
similar to yellow fever but milder; fever, body rash, muscle and joint pain; rarely fatal but hemorrhagic fever shock syndrome is more common in children
endemic to caribbean area (mostly), but also india, SE asia, pacific areas |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium spp.
there are 4 different variations in the human host (4 different stages of life)
there are 4 different pathogen species |
|
Definition
protozoan that causes malaria
vector: mosquito
4 FORMS OF THE DISEASE
characterized by chills, fever, headache during 2-3 day intervals; some forms benign (lethargy) to severe (destruction of RBCs/death)
life cycle: with the release of merozoites (immature stage), there is also the release of toxic compounds that cause recurring symptoms
immature stage is injected into the blood stream, infects liver and matures, released into the blood, picked up by another mosquito and can infect other humans
people who survive acquire limited immunity |
|
|
Term
there are many different variations (different cell surface antigens) and there are different stages
intracellular pathogen
changing cell surface antigens
the release of toxic compounds |
|
Definition
| why is it so hard to develop a vaccine for malaria? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vector: snail
pathogen: fluke (trematode)
helminth is 20 mm long. female lives in groove in male. continual supply of eggs. eggs lodge in tissue, cause ganulomas (egg mass).
most areas of the US the suitable snail vector not present. so, 400,000 immigrants may be shedding eggs, but the lack of snail vector and proper sanitation prevents epidemic.
typically, the eggs are secreted in feces into water, has to be on a certain snail to mature to the next stage. penetrates the skin and becomes systemic via CV system. eventually goes to the liver and from the liver migrates to the intestines or to the bladder depending on species.
1 causes cystitis, 2 cause enteritis
adult worm can evade host immune system by coating with a layer that mimics host tissue |
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helminth disorder - IgE help fight parasitic infections!!! KNOW THIS FOR EXAM
eosinophils spike in a parasitic (and more specifically a helminth) infection |
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Definition
| what immune system cells/products would help in the case of Schistosomiasis? |
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animal diseases
non-human vertebrate host is the principle reservoir host; humans involved secondarily
rarely human to human infection |
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we are in contact with the definitive host
pathogens can evolve to infect humans as primary reservoirs
biological warfare |
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| why should zoonoses be studied? |
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Definition
causes brucellosis (undulant fever)
gram negative, aerobic coccobacillus, small intracellular pathogen
Category B
3 species pathogenic to humans
patients frequently present with fever of unknown origin, mild to severe in humans
2 species are mild in humans, and one is severe in humans
[image]
invades macrophages and impairs ability to phagocytize. |
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causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
gram-negative aerobic coccobacillus; capsule inhibits phagocytosis
category A
transmitted to humans via contact with rabbits, muskrats, ground squirrels, tick bites, deer flies, undercooked meat
ulcer at site of infection; lymph node swelling -> can become systemic via lymphatic system
most cases due to rabbit contact
if animal-infected dust inhaled, can lead to pneumonia
small infective dose needed; fatality 100% if untreated |
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causes anthrax
gram positive facultative anaerobic bacillus
endospore forming; natural soil-dwelling organism
category A
endospores taken up by macrophages (becomes intracellular); two exotoxins (edema and lethal toxins)
edema toxin: causes edema of the body and impairs the ability of the macrophages to phagocytize
lethal toxin: causes the macrophages to die (and this causes the release of more bacteria into the blood stream)
strikes mainly grazing animals
people at risk: handlers of animals, hides, and wool |
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1) cutaneous: most common, least fatal; 20% fatality if untreated
2) gastrointestinal: from eating undercooked meat, 50% fatality if untreated
3) inhalation/pulmonary: breathed in, (Woolsorter's disease); most serious; 100% fatal if untreated |
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causes the plague (black death)
gram positive bacillus, facultative anaerobe; virulent anti-phagocytic capsule
category A
vector: fleas
rodent reservoirs: rat (primary disease reservoir), squirrels, ground sqirrels, prairie dogs, mice
causes blood clot in the gut of fleas that blocks lumen and causes the flea to regurgitate the pathogen to the next host
rodents sicken, vector leaves reservoir, finds human |
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bubonic plague: flea bite -> blood and lymph -> proliferate in phagocytic cells -> fever, enlarged lymph nodes (buboes); 50-75% fatality if untreated; no person to person spread
septicemic plague: inhalation -> high numbers in blood (septic shock)
pneumonic plague: Yersinia pestis in lungs; airborne droplets, 100% fatality if untreated; rapid person to person spread
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Definition
| pandemic occurrences of ( ) have been directly responsible for more human deaths than any other infectious disease except for tuberculosis and malaria. |
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causes leptospirosis
aerobic spirochete, doesn't gram stain
infected animals (dogs, cats, rats, horses) shed the bacteria in urine for extended periods
human contact with urine contaminated water, soil; pathogens enter abrasions or ingestion
fever, chills, headaches, aches (episodic)
usually not fatal, kidney failure most common cause of death
50 cases reported per year in US, worldwide; very undiagnosed |
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Definition
causes psittacosis (ornithosis)
gram negative, obligate aerobe, intracellular bacillus
natural reservoir - any bird species (feces)
bacterium resistant to stress, transmitted via air (inhalation of droppings)
subclinical to fever, headache, chills, delirium (NS involvement), atypical pneumonia
pet store owners, turkey farmers at risk
100 cases/year in US; 20% fatality if untreated
has a metabolically inactive, infectious form and a metabolically active, non-infectious form |
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Term
1) palpebral conjunctiva: covers the posterior surface of the eyelids
2) bulbar conjunctiva: coats the anterior portion of the eyeball
3) fornix: the transition portion, forming the junction between the posterior eyelid and the eyeball
[image] |
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Definition
| 3 sections of the conjunctiva |
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