Pathogens entering the body through cuts, wounds, on fingers, hands, toes.

Ex: Gardening

T or F

79.8% of pathogens come from the gastrointestinal tract of large animals?

False

80%.

But it is true they do come from the GI of large animals.

T or False?

This is the correct formation after a pathogen-spore has entered the body?

Spores----> Blood----->Germinates----->Produce more cells----->toxins.

True

Germinate referrs to "opens up"

True or false

This germ ,Bacillus anthracis, causes "Anthrax" and was discovered by Robert Koch?

T or False

Bacillus anthracis is G+?

1) Local Disease (Specific location)

2)  Food Posioning

(Ex: Rice, because it comes from ground)

3)  Inhalation of anthrax - Very dangerous

(Ex: Vet shaves animal, Dr. Inhales spores)

*Spores are airborn after chemicles are added

*Incubation 2 days

Wound sorters disease, which is caused by the toxins (Exotoxins G+)

Incubation: 2 days

Difficulty breathing.

The toxins can cause paralysis of the respiratory tract.

What are the symptoms of wound sorters disease?

(Hint: from inhalation of spores)

High Fever

Chest pains(due to lungs being infected)

1) Wool sorters disease

2) Clostridium tetani

3) Clostridium perfringens

True or False

Toxins from Clostridium tetani can cause the following symptoms .......

* First attack muscles of the face and neck

* LockJaw

* Death could result due to paralysis of the respiratory tract.

True or False?

Spores of clostridium tetani are very heat resistant?

Gangrene

True or False?

Gangrene, tetnus and wound sorters disease all have vaccins to prevent contamination?

False.

Tetnus and Wound sorters do...However, there is no vaccine for Gangrene.

Clostridium perfringens produce toxins? Yes or no-

Exotoxins or Endotoxins?

Yes

Exotoxins

Enzymes, Gas

Gas gas horrible smell which is cause by the tissues being broken down.

Hemolysis and Lecithinase

**Hemolysis, breaks down RBC's**

**Lecithin, breaks down lecithin (Amino Acid) which contains sulter. **

True or False?

LECITHINASE, an exzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens, contains sulfer?

What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens ?

True or False:

It is recommended that ALL diabetics be on a low dosage of antibiotics consistantly, just incase the diabetic patient comes in contact with clostridium perfringens. 

When must a diabetic suffering from an infection caused by clostridium perfringens have a limb amputated?

.

Hansen

AKA "Hansen's Disease"

True or False:

Leprosy is not contagious?

False

Leprosy is HIGH CONTAGIOUS

True or False?

Leprosy is a soil born disease?

True or False:

The incubation period for Leprosy is 3-6 years?

True

Leprosy multiplies very slowly

True or False:

Microbacterium lepre can grow anywhere?

False!

Mycobacterium leprea will only grow in live tissue cultures

This microorganism destroys muscles of the infected area and also damages nerve endings?

Examples of infected areas could be: numbness of fingers, nose, earlobes and legs

Mycobacterium leprea.

This microorganism gradually destroys the muscles of the infected area and also causes damage to the nerve endings.

Leprosy

1974

In the mouth sucrose,a sugar, is broken down to glucose and fructose.

Glucose can be converted into a _______________ called ______________.

Fructose an be converted into ________  _________.

Because viruses CAN NOT surrive outside of the body of the host cell (of human/animal) and must enter into a living organism. Viruses MUST enter into the cell inorder to survive.

OBP

Obligate intracellular parasite

Virus must enter into the cell inorder to survive.

True or False:

A Virus can contain Rna and DNA at the same time?

FALSE

NEVER AT THE SAME TIME

True or False:

Viruses are very large- larger than a red blood cell and can be seen from the naked eye?

False

*A virus is VERY small in size.

*1/10 the size of a RBC

*Can only be viewed from an electron microscope

Streptococcous Salvirus

Streptococcous Mutans

True or False?

Cavities are caused by a combination of lactic acid and the two natural microorganisms which are present in the mouth?

True

This does not cause pain to occur

As a small cavity which does not cause pain gets bigger, the nerves become present.

If the cavity gets bigger and bigger (with time) a root canal will need to be administered.

If you ignore the signs and symptoms then the cavity goes below the gum line. Then with no suprise- gingivitis!

Gingivitis is an infection of the gum caused by a microorganism known as :_________________________.

Fusobacterium nucleatum  small rods)

This microorganism is Anaerobic.

The mouth is closed providing less oxygen.

True or False:

Fusobacterium nucleatum is areobic?

True or False:

Your gum line is considered an organ?

*Age of patient(very old/very old)

*Type of germ involved

*Condition of patient

*Type of procedure used/type of treatment (surgury)

Exogenous

Endogenous

It is caused by a germ which comes from the outside the body of the patient.

(Come from food, air, other people)

Endogenous is caused by germs WITHIN the patient.

(an opportunist such as E coli.)

Nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections)

**each year in the US there are approx 200,000 with roughly 20,000 deaths**

1) Hospital Employees (Doctors-janitors)

2) use of contaminated equipment

3) use of contaminated food

4) Contaminated air system

-Example: legionaire's disease-

1)Helix

Example: Rabies

2)Icosahedron

Example: Hepatitis, Herpes

3) Complex

a) Honey Comb

Example: Smallpox

b) Irregular

Example: Influenza

True or False:

A naked virus contains the nucleur envelope and spikes?

True or False:

A Viron is a complete virus?

True.

A Viron contains a Capsid and Genome plus the nucleur envelope (made of proteins and lipids) and spikes (which are made of glycoproteins)

True or False:

If a virus is surrounded by a nucleur envelope, does that indicate that the virus is more pathogenic?

Discuss Burst time:

Explain Burst size:

Burst size is the # of new virons which are produced as a result of the replication.

This also varies virus to virus.

Viral replication:

Describe the attachment process

Viral Replication:

Describe the Penetration phase

During replication, only the capsid (hexagon shaped) and genome (squiggly line)"penetrates" into the cell.

NO ENVELOPE NO SPIKES. 

Viral Replication:

Describe Biosynthesis

Viral Replication:

Describe the maturation process

Viral Replication:

Describe the release phase

Maturation

Complete baby virons are produced

Viral Diseases:

Name the four groups

1) Pneumotropic

2) Neurotropic

3) Viscerotropic

4) Dermotropic

What is the tissue affected by this viral disease:

- Pneumotropic-

Name an example of this disease...

Respiratory Tract

Example of disease: Influenza

This viral disease attaches to the Central Nervous System?

Give an example of a disease which affects the CNS..

Disease 2- Neurotropic

Rabies, Polio

Lots of squigglys all over

(looks like a 2 year olds coloring job)

Group 2-- Neurotropic

*Naked Virus

*Found in contaminated food / water entered into human body

*First invades the lymph nodes

*Effects Medulla Oblongata- causes numbness of digits

*Numbness then affects limbs till patient becomes paralyzed. 

Viral diseases:

What group/name of group, effects viscera blood, organs  and causes Hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, and HIV

True or False:

Group 4- Dermotropic-

the tissue it effects is the skin?

The disease is Herpes?

True or False:

Pneumotropic is High Pathogenic because their spikes contain 2 enzymes?

What are the names of the enzymes?

TRUE

1- Hemaglutinin- causes attachment of virus to resp tract cells.

2) Neuraminidase- causes penetration of the virus into respiratory cells.

Information on Pneumotropic:

*Highly contagious

*spikes contain 2 enzymes:

Hemalutinin -causes attachment

Neuraminidase- penetration

*contains 8 strands of RNA

* transmitted air droplets / sharing utensils.

*Incubation 48 hours

*Symptoms- sudden chill-followed by fever (104*F)

*Rx: Antiviral drug--Amantadine

Time line of disease

1918- Spanish Flu- Killed 50 million

1950- Asian Flu- killed 20 million

1968- Hong Kong Flu- Killed 10 million

NO MAJOR FLU OUTBREAKS SINCE 1968

Complications of flu-

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) causes paralysis. virus become neurotropic due to mutations

Reyes Syndrome- Virus attachs internal organs of the patient.

No asprin to children- link between reyes / asprin

Rabies (Helix shaped)

Polio (Naked Virus)

Facts about Rabies:

*Helix shaped

*Complete virus with RNA genome

*Transmitted to humans through bites and scratches from animals

*most common in racoons/wild animals

*also common in dogs and cats

*Incubation: 6 days-1 year (depends on amount of virus transmitted)

*Virus first attacks tissues around the tonsils

Continues......

*attacks CNS*

*can cause paralysis*

*Symptoms- Sight becomes red, excessive saliva

*Treatment- 5 shots to arm of patient

Facts about POLIO

*Naked virus with RNA genome

*Found in contaminated food/water

*Enters body and first invade lymph nodes then go to medulla of brain which causes limbs to become numb then paralysis.

* Incubation- Week to 10 days

*VACCINE: now injection in dead form

Previous Vaccine: was given in a live form on sugar cube.