Term
|
Definition
| sticky mucus traps particles/ microorganisms and ciliated cells push trapped material up and out of the lungs, sinuses, middle ear, etc. This is then swallowed and microorganisms can be destroyed in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| What can impair the mucociliary escalator? |
|
Definition
| alcohol, tobacco, narcotics, and viral infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B and can be treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Caustive agent of Strep throat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and tell tale signs of strep throat |
|
Definition
Symptoms - fever pain, difficulty swallowing, sore throat;
Tell tale sign - bright red spots on back of throat, pus in the back of the throat |
|
|
Term
| Complications of strep throat may cause |
|
Definition
| scarlet fever, glomerolonephritis, or rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission of strep throat is |
|
Definition
| human to human; airbourne or contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B so it can be treated with antitoxin but hard to treat |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of Diphtheria |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium Diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and tell tale signs of Diphtheria |
|
Definition
Symptoms - Mild sore throat, progresses to fatigue, malaise, heart and kidney failure, leads to paralysis;
Tell tale sign - grey membrane that formes in the throat and tonsils, may clog and cause suffocation |
|
|
Term
| The toxin for Diphtheria (bacterial because LPS isn't involved!) |
|
Definition
| Powerful A-B exotoxin = Diphtheria toxin; bacteriophage that becomes virulent when this becomes a prophage because it is integrated into a chromosome. Called lysogenic conversion |
|
|
Term
| What does the A portion of the A-B Exotoxin do? |
|
Definition
| It is the toxin that kills the cell by shutting down protein synthesis within the cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the B portion of the A-B Exotoxin do? |
|
Definition
| It is the part that beings to receptors on cells...heart, kidney, nerves |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission of diphtheria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of the common cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the Rhinovirus |
|
Definition
| malaise, sore throat, runny nose, cough and hoarseness, nasal secretions shift, No fever unless secondary bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Mode of transmission of Rhinovirus |
|
Definition
| Aerosol droplets in nose, other secretions in body, takes a few virions to get sick, (PREVENTION IS HANDWASHING) |
|
|
Term
| Main importance for colds |
|
Definition
| damage respiratoy tract defenses and pave the way for more serious bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| Causing agent of pneumococcal pneumonia (most common bacterial pnuemonia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of bacteria is Pneumonococcal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| gram-positive diplococcus |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and key symptom for Pneumococcal pneumonia |
|
Definition
| cough, fever, chest pain, sputum prduction; ONE SINGLE BODY SHAKING CHILL- professes to severe chest pain, sputum turns pink |
|
|
Term
| Prevention and treatment of pneumonococcal pneumonia |
|
Definition
| sensitive to antibiotics if caught early enough and there is a vaccine for infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pnuemoniae has a bacterial capusle. |
|
|
Term
| Pinkeye, earaches, and sinus infections |
|
Definition
| Haemophilus influenzae (no pus response, less swelling)/ Streptococcus pneumoniae (pus with swollen eyes) |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of Klebsiella pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (gram-negative rod) a normal flora in small percentage of people. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and Key Symptom for Klebsiella pneumonia |
|
Definition
| like pneumococcal pneumonia, except repeated chills and sputum is RED and GELATINOUS - can cause death rapidly (50-80% die without treatment) |
|
|
Term
| Where is Klebsiella pneumonia a problem? |
|
Definition
| Hospitals and impaired...nosocomial infection *get at the hospital* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of mycoplasma pneumonia |
|
Definition
| fever, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, DRY COUGH |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia |
|
Definition
| difficult to treat (organism lacks cell wall)can't be treated with penicillin |
|
|
Term
| Who is more at risk for mycoplasma pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of whooping cough |
|
Definition
| Bordetella pertussis (gram-negative rod) |
|
|
Term
| Tell tale sign of whooping cough |
|
Definition
| crazy cough (reflex is strong), vomiting, hemorrhaging in brains, collapsed lungs |
|
|
Term
| Whooping cough prevention |
|
Definition
| DPT vaccine (helps with the toxins) |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent for tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid-fast rod) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PPD test...purified protein derived, skin test for hypersensitivity. If positive they do the X-ray |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms and tell tale signs of TB |
|
Definition
| progressive weight loss ("consumption"), night sweats, chronic cough with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BCG vaccine, and Antibiotics for 6-12 mos. (depends on if they is a granuloma or not) |
|
|
Term
| Legionnaire's Disease causative agent |
|
Definition
| Legionella pneumophila (fastidious in lab) It's a gram-negative rod |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of Legionnaire's Disease |
|
Definition
| contracted by breathing contaminated water, NO human-to-human spread |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Legionnaire's Disease |
|
Definition
| chest pain, cough, blood in sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enveloped virus that causes an antigenic drift or antigenic shift |
|
|
Term
| Other names for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome |
|
Definition
| 4-corners virus, Sin Nombre virus |
|
|
Term
| How do you get Hantavirus? |
|
Definition
| Inhale dust containing feces, urine or saliva of infected rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no vaccine or treatment...just wear a mask |
|
|
Term
| RNA mixes and gets packaged...each place has a segment |
|
Definition
| Many new antigens - gene reassortment (antigenic shift)- SPANISH FLU |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 Major Microbial Skin inhabitants |
|
Definition
| Diphtheroids (group of club-shaped bacteria that breaks down products in sweat) , Staphylococcus epidermidis (salt lovers that are aerobic) , and fungi |
|
|
Term
| What kinda Diphtheroids is there? |
|
Definition
| Propionibacterium acnes (grow in oily secretions of sebacious glands - FILL WITH OIL) |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
|
Definition
| produce antimicrobial substances and compete for space/nutrients (take up space so bad bacteria can't take up space) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three fungi skin infections |
|
Definition
| Scaly face rash, Dandruff, Tinea versicolor (red bluish purple yeast cells, fillamentous form is disease causing) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of tinea versicolor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do hair follicles become infections |
|
Definition
| Starts as a pimple (folliculitis), then it becomes a boil (pus, WBC, dead cells = furuncle) Finally it becomes a carbuncle (bigger version that can spread) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of hair follicle infections? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus (always in the nose, and then gets inside to start infection) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hair follice infections |
|
Definition
| surgical drainage, abscess and treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Scalded Skin syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Staphlococcus aureus (toxin-producing) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Scalded Skin syndrome? |
|
Definition
| generalized redness, sloughing of the skin (20-100% of the body), skin becomes wrinkled and large blisters develop (epidermis and dermis seperate because of toxin) |
|
|
Term
| How is Scalded Skin transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Scalded Skin? |
|
Definition
| Methicillin (MRSA) and isolation (because highly susceptible to Pseudomonas) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Streptococcal impetigo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of Streptococcal impetigo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Streptococcal impetigo |
|
Definition
| superficial skin infection, blisters that are crusty and with pus (Pyoderma = skin infection characterized by pus) |
|
|
Term
| Prevention and treatment of impetigo? |
|
Definition
| cleanliness and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? |
|
Definition
| Rickettsia rickettsii spread by the wood tick (Zoonotic disease) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of RM spotted fever? |
|
Definition
| Starts with a headache and body aches, then becomes a rash, on the soles and palms, then up the legs and arms...bleeping from the nose and mouth and then shock happens if untreated (death is 20% if untreated.) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment and Prevention of RM spotted fever |
|
Definition
| avoid ticks, frequent tick-checks when in the woods; ANTIBIOTICS |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of Lyme Disease |
|
Definition
| Borellia burgdorferi Spread by a deer tick |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of the Lyme Disease |
|
Definition
1) Target shaped rash at bite site
2) 2-8 weeks later, problems with the heart and nervous system (electrical heart problems and paralysis)
3) Arthritis, joint pain, paralysis, depression |
|
|
Term
| Where and what does the spirochete of the Lyme Disease do? |
|
Definition
| it grows locally in cells, then enters blood stream and becomes systemic. Exaggerated immune response probably responsible for many of late symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Prevention of Lyme Disease |
|
Definition
| avoid ticks, spray self, wear protective clothing, tick checks |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of chicken pox? |
|
Definition
| Varicella (chicken pox) Zoster (shingles) Virus (VZV) |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of chicken pox |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of chicken pox? |
|
Definition
mild in children - small red bumps that progress to small blisters that scab over.
Severe in older kids, pregnant women (may cause death) |
|
|
Term
| How does chicken pox in infect others |
|
Definition
| you breath in and it goes latent in the sensory nerves in the ganglion nuclei. The cytoplasm goes to the spine and survives as insidious DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more focused in one area...you can't get them without getting the chicken pox |
|
|
Term
| Rubeolla Virus is the causative agent of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of measles are... |
|
Definition
| fever, running nose, fine red rash, face into the body, and THEN Koplik spots (white legions on the tongue) |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of Measles? |
|
Definition
| pneumonia and encephalitis (brain damage, epilepsy, and deafness) |
|
|
Term
| What is Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis? |
|
Definition
| SSPE is a slow virus, the same virus that can take 2-10 years to develop infection. Death can occur after two years. Slow degeneration of brain (RARE!) |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Measles |
|
Definition
| Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Rubella or German Measles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of measles and german measles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of german measles |
|
Definition
| slight fever, faint, rash, enlarged lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What can it do to a developing fetus? |
|
Definition
| eye abnormalities, brain damage, deafness, heart defects... SO WE GET VACCINATED!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mild skin diseases that happen because of superficial cutaneous mycosis? |
|
Definition
| Ringworm, Diaper rash, Athlete's foot, Jock itch, or nails |
|
|
Term
| Yeast causes infections, but when it multiplies it forms a... |
|
Definition
| hyphae that clumps and becomes irritating to the skin |
|
|
Term
| What percent of college students have had sex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of those students have had 6 or more partners? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of those students rarely or never use condoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two urinary system infections? |
|
Definition
| Cystitis and Leptospirosis |
|
|
Term
| If the inflammation ascends up the ureters to the kidney, what happens? |
|
Definition
| You have big problems and it can lead to death |
|
|
Term
| Who is the culprit of Cystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abrupt onset...BURNING, cloudy urine, can be bloody and the CONSTANT urge to go... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sexual intercourse (honeymooner's disease") or nontraditional sexual positions...as well as if you have major surgery |
|
|
Term
| Why is Cystitis called the "honeymooner's disease"? |
|
Definition
| the upward movement of E. Coli in area outside of urethra and vagina |
|
|
Term
| Women have cystitis more, but after 50... |
|
Definition
| men's chances increase because of prostate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranberry Juice, antibiotics, urinate after, so you don't get an UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spirochete bacterium that is found in the urine of wild rodents...after its ingested, it invades the blood and large numbers end up in the urinary tract. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Leptospirosis |
|
Definition
| flu-like and red eyes, fell well for a days and then severe pain and kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial vaginosis is... |
|
Definition
| THE MOST COMMON VAGINAL DISEASE; the normal flora are disturbed and an irritating infection results |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Bacterial vaginosis |
|
Definition
| thin, gray white discharge with fishy smell...cause basic (anaerobic microbial products create gas and a bubbly or frothy because CO2 is produced |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Bacterial vag. |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, yogurt (put it there) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 2nd most common disease; yeast infection in the vagina |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of candidiasis is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white discharge, clumpy, itchy irritated, red and swollen |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superantigen (TSST-1) induces what? |
|
Definition
| all the T-cells, non-specific toll receptors, MHC I and II on a cell to turn on. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of S. Toxic Shock are |
|
Definition
| flu-like, headache, rash, then drop in bp and organ failure (blood shot eyes, confusion, skin will peel off if survive) |
|
|
Term
| Why do you need to frequently replace tampons? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus grows on blood-soaked tampon and makes a toxin (TSST-1/ crosslinks allthe receptors makes cytokines to increase response). The toxin can enter the bloodstream through abrasions caused by insertion/removal of tampons. The longer it's in you, the more toxin can be produced. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of S. Toxic Shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of gonorrhea |
|
Definition
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-negative diplococcus) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
| 2-5 days incubation, Men have a obvious yellow-green discharge (pus), painful urination...women have a less obvious discharge and are hard to diagnose. ---sterility |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications that happen to women? |
|
Definition
| PID (scars and egg can't make it through, MIGHT be able to reverse it.) sterility |
|
|
Term
| What are the complications that happen to men? |
|
Definition
| prostate disease, sterility |
|
|
Term
| What is the Chlamydia causative agent? |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis (mimics Gonorrhea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painful urination, gray-white discharge, may have some bleeding (SAME COMPLICATIONS) |
|
|
Term
| What is the number 1 bacterial STD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number 2 bacterial STD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is called the great imitator and why? |
|
Definition
| Syphilis because it mimics other diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| readily penetrated through mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of Syphilis? |
|
Definition
1) Primary = painless chancre(hard)and easily treated
2) Secondary = rash, all over body, palms on hands, soles of feet. Mucous patches in mouth and spread by kissing
3) Tertiary = gummas- ulcerations that appear in tissues of body. leads to stroke and heart attacks or mental illnesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| easily treated in early stages, PENICILLIN |
|
|
Term
| Chancroid is caused by... |
|
Definition
| Haemophilis ducreyi (small gram-negative fastidious rod) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Chancroid are |
|
Definition
| Soft painful chancre, frequently involves inguinal lymph nodes, swells, rupture, drains - INCREASE CHANCE OF HIV TRANSMISSION |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Genital Herpes Simplex (Herpes Simplex Virus -2) |
|
Definition
| 1 in 5 have blister-like lesions on their genitalia...MANY ARE ASYMPTOMATIC. 1st one is the hardest but it gets better. |
|
|
Term
| The complications of HSV-2 are.... |
|
Definition
| infection of fetus or newborns can be fatal - cesarean delivery...increased risk of cervical cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| topical acyclovir for symptomatic relief |
|
|
Term
| Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) is the... |
|
Definition
| most common sexually transmitted disease/ genital warts |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of HPV |
|
Definition
| abnormal pap smear, colposcopy and biopsy, warts may appear as obvious legions, or there may be microscopic epithelial changes, itching |
|
|
Term
| ksdfkjhasdfkjhasdjfaskjdfhaksjdfh |
|
Definition
| kjhdsfkjhasdkljfhasdljkfhkldsjafh |
|
|
Term
| Out of over 80 wart viruses, how many are sexually transmitted, how many are associated with cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condoms, Gardisil (16 & 18) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Topical drugs (Podophilox or Imiquimod), LEEP (excise infected tissue), laser excision (zap it) Local excision |
|
|
Term
| Molluscum contagioscum virus (MCV) is part of the... |
|
Definition
| pox family, a dna virus that is a benign infection in childhood, but usually sex transmitted in adults. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small red bumps with dimple in center; can appear on genitals, thighs, butt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid nitrogen, Imiquimod |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is immunodeficiency? |
|
Definition
| destruction of T-helper cells prevents body from combating common opportunists (Pneumonocystis, mycobacteria, and fungal agents) |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of HIV/AIDS is |
|
Definition
| sexual contact, contaminated needles, and mother-to-child at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps lower virus load, but outcome is inevitable still |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Trichomoiasis |
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis (an eukaryotic microbe/ unicellular protozoan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men - asymptomatic
Women - ittitation in vagina, frothy, yellowish-green discharge, bad odor, NOT fishy |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of Meningococcal Meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is M. Meningitis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| inhaling airbourne droplets |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of M. Meningitis |
|
Definition
1)attach to nasal membrane, cross into bloodstream, then into CSF and brain
2) liberate endotoxin, cause swelling and shock
3) Rapid progression |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of M. Meningitis |
|
Definition
| mild cold, then throbbing headache, fever, pain, and stiffness in neck/back, nausea, vomiting petechiae - can go into shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of M. Meningitis |
|
Definition
| antibiotics and profilactic treatment |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of tetanus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with deep penetrating wounds with mixed bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus produces powerful neurotoxin that causes |
|
Definition
| motor neurons to fire rapidly (inhibitory muscles blocked so all contract) - no rest and it is a disease that leads to suffocation or drowning in own stomach contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetanospasmin, which binds to receptors on nerves and travels to spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Problem when enters wounds...(Tetanus) |
|
Definition
| "rusty nail" because there is more chance of spores by clean nail...anaerobic if deep enough so now it can germinate |
|
|
Term
| Treatment and prevention of Tetanus |
|
Definition
| antitoxin serum, from caccinated people = antibody...antibiotics; DPT vaccine - tetanus toxid |
|
|
Term
| Causative agents of viral meningitis (AKA aseptic meningitis NO LPS!!!) |
|
Definition
| Coxsackie Virus and echovirus (enterovirus family) |
|
|
Term
| Transmission of V. Meningitis |
|
Definition
| fecal-oral route (dirty swimming pools) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of V. Meningitis |
|
Definition
| fever, severe headache behind the eyes, stiff neck (no petechia) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of V. Meningitis |
|
Definition
| no need...7-10 days is gone, if there are symptoms though, check it out because it MIGHT be bacterial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like meningitis (headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea .... muscle spasms begin and then followed by paralysis (most clear it, some don't) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus attacks motor nerve cells (lytic) Poliovirus kills nerves which in turn causes muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IPV (inactivated poliovaccine) DEAD Before there was two that argued...there was Sox (which was a dead vaccine) and there was Seban (live virus) |
|
|
Term
| Causative agent of Rabies (zoonotic disease) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saliva of rabid animal or inhaled aerosols from bat feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flu-like, tingling or twitching feeling at site of animal bite, odd behavior due to destruction of brain tissue (agitation, paranoia, sensitivity to light and sound, and frothing of the mouth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rabies virus introduced in bite wound, travels to CNS, replicates and spreads to salivary glanfs, eyes (longer to travel to the brain, more time to treat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vaccine available, must be administered during incubation... |
|
|
Term
| Whether microbes in wounds cause disease depends on... |
|
Definition
| 1) Virulence of the microorganism; 2) Number of the microorganism; 3) Immune status of host; 4) Nature of the wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Burns (weepy dying tissue, bursting out); 2) Incisions (knife cuts, surgery or accidental); 3) Punctures (penetration of sharp object); 4) Lacerations (tears that are hard and scar easily); 5) Contusions (blows that crush tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Staphylococcal wound infections |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus (pyogenic causing production of pus, inducing your inflammatory response) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of S. wound infections |
|
Definition
| swelling, redness, pain, pus |
|
|
Term
| If infected area is large or if the bacteria enters the blood, |
|
Definition
| more drastic *fever* more bacteria if wound is larger, many nutrients! :)! |
|
|
Term
| Prevention of S. Wound Infections |
|
Definition
| Clean wound, antibiotic ointment |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of S. Wound Infections |
|
Definition
| Problem - MRSA (Methillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - hospitals |
|
|
Term
| Group A Streptococcal "Flesh Eating" Infections causative agent (AKA necrotizing facilitis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of "flesh eating" infections |
|
Definition
| sever pain at break in skin, swelling under skin causes stretching and discoloration, fever, and confusion |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of flesh eating infections |
|
Definition
| S. pyogenes secretes Exotoxin A (superantigen that causes shock) and Exotoxin B (melts the tissues/muscle underneath the skin) |
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Term
| Invasive infections are rare in healthy people with minor injuries |
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Definition
| Susceptibility increased with diabetes, abortions, childbirth, alcoholism, AIDS, surgery, injected drug use |
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Term
| Major cause of nosocomial infections (because of shoes, plants, flowers, and produce) is |
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Definition
| Psesdomonas aeruginosa (widespread in soil and water) |
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Term
| The Opportunistic pathogen of P. aeruginosa... |
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Definition
| is in burn victims, immunocompromised |
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Term
| Disease and symptoms of P. aeruginosa |
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Definition
| LOTS~ Responsible for skin rashes from hot tubs, cause ear infections in swimmers, eye infections in contact users, bone infections from stepping on nails, nail infections, piercing infections, biofilms on lungs of cystic fibrosis patients |
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Term
| Treatment of P. aeruginosa |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Anaerobic bacterial wounds are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Causative agent of gas gangrene |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dirt enters wound and a long delay til its treated |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of gas gangrene |
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Definition
| C. perfringens doesn't grow well in healthy tissue - but thrives in dead tissue (SPORES!!!) |
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Term
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Definition
| attacts lecithin in cell membranes leading to disruption of cells and then ferments glycogen in muscle so there is gas - painful and cause further spreading of bacteria in the tissue |
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Term
| Causative agent of antibiotic-associated colitis~ |
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Definition
| Clostridium difficile (usually normal flora) - needs to be treated |
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Term
|
Definition
| holes in teeth produced by acid - from biofilms on teeth |
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Term
| What is the causative agent of dental caries/biofims? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Periodontal disease is... |
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Definition
| inflammation of fums, receding gum-line...bacteria gets btw gum and tooth floss |
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Term
| Prevention of periodontal disease is... |
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Definition
| reduce sweets in diet, brush, floss regularly |
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Term
| Trench mouth is part of what species |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Gastritis causative agent is... |
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Definition
| Helicobacter pylori (associated with ulcers and cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| range from belching to vomiting to nothing INGEST THEM |
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Term
| What does the H. pylori do? |
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Definition
| creates a neutral environment in the stomach by converting urea in the stomach to ammonia - releases urease, allowing them to survive in stomach...basic so it can live |
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Term
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Definition
| painful finger infection often seen in nurses |
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Term
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Definition
| acyclovir - inhibits DNA polymerase of HSV, only replicating virus...NOT latent |
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Term
| What is the causative agent of Mumps? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Mumps Virus do? |
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Definition
| acute viral infection that attacks the parotid glands (they produce saliva) |
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Term
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Definition
| fever, loss of appetite, headaches, swollen parotid glads, lumps on cheek, can lead to sterility |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the causative agent of Cholera |
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Definition
| Vibrio cholerae (curved shape rod) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fecally-contaminated water - leads to a RICE stool |
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Term
| Cholera produces a powerful toxin that does what? |
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Definition
| drains water from the blood and empties it into the GI tract - secreting a lot of water and expelled from intestine - dumping water out of intestines...attaches to intestine making Na and Cl ions and H2O follows |
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Term
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Definition
| water sanitation, when travel pay attention to food and water |
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Term
| When does Cholera become deadly? |
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Definition
| when infected by a bacteriophage = lysogenic conversion with a toxin gene |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrolyte and fluid placement, antibiotics |
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Term
| Causative agent of Shigellosis |
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Definition
| Shigella species: Shigella flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei, and S. dysenteriae |
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Term
| Transmission of S. dysenteriae |
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Definition
| fecal-oral, usu. food or water; overcrowded populations, poor sanitation; HUMANS ARE THE SOURCE |
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Term
| Symptoms of S. dysenteriae |
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Definition
| Dysentery (diarrhea with a twist because blood and mucus) |
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Term
| What toxin is produced in Shigellosis? |
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Definition
| shiga-toxin that is responsible for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome- leading to kidney failure, lysis of RBCs |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Shigellosis |
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Definition
| Shigellas are taken up and transported downwards...Macrophages are killed. Endocytose and endosomes are quickly lysed, leaving free in cytoplasm. Actin forms a tail so it can move and it multiplies. Starts an inflammatory response |
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Term
| Causative agent of gastroenteritis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Toxigenic strains in gastroenteritis are important... |
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Definition
| the best known strain O157:H7 |
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Term
| What toxin is produced in gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| shiga-like toxin that also leads to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
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Term
| Transmission of Gastroenteritis |
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Definition
| foodborne, waterbourne (esp. meat and water) Ground beef, sausage, spinach, apple juice |
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Term
| Salmonellosis has two transmissions |
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Definition
| ingestion of food contaminated by human feces, and ingestion of good contaminated by animal feces |
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Term
| Ingestion of food contaminated by animal feces (most common) |
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Definition
| Salmonella enterica (chicken) |
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Term
| Ingestion of food contaminated by human feces |
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Definition
| Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)causes shock and then diarrhea |
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Term
| Causative agent of Campylobacteriosis (leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the U.S.) |
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Definition
| Campylobacter jejuni - easy to make you sick because 1 drop of something raw =bad |
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Term
| Transmission of Campylobacteriosis |
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Definition
| food and water-bourne transmission (rarely human to human) chickens and cows |
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Term
| Causative agent of Botulism |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Releases a deadly toxin onto food that does what? |
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Definition
| Botulinum toxin causes paralysis by neurotoxin blocking transmission of nerve signals to muscles - a few mg causes disease...Spores are from soil...be careful canning |
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Term
|
Definition
| 12-36 hours after ingestion dizziness, dry mouth, blurred vision (eye muscle paralysis), abdominal symptoms.....TELL TALE SIGN- PARALYSIS!!! can die or suffocate because it paralyzes the respiratory muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Spore germinate into vegetative cell on food when temperature is right, and releases toxin into food. Toxin is then ingested, absorbed into bloodstream in the intestine, and travels to the motor neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when canning be careful because spores can survive and germinate...toxin is heat labile, so heat it to 100 degrees for 15 minutes before eating NO HONEY TO INFANTS! |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Rotaviral gastroenteritis (RNA naked virus) is important in... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Rotaviral gastroenteritis causes |
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Definition
| severe dehyration so fluid therapy is important....can shed it in 5-8 days |
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Term
| All viral diseases of the lower digestive system are transmitted by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Norwalk virus gastroenteritis is called |
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Definition
| "cruise ship virus" because it along with nursing homes and cafeterias is where its found. |
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Term
| How long does the Norwalk virus gastroenteritis last? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does Hepatitis A replicate? |
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Definition
| in the liver, then it does to bile and feces, so it can be shed |
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Term
| Prevention for Hepatitis A |
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Definition
| vaccine is available (travelers and healthcare workers) RAW SHELLFISH IS THE CULPRIT |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jaundice, clay-colored feces, abdominal pain |
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Term
| Giardiasis causative agent is? |
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Definition
| Giardia lamblia (a flagellated protozoan) |
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Term
|
Definition
| explosive diarrhea, and stinky gas |
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Term
| Causative agent of Cryptosporidiosis |
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Definition
| Cryptosporidium parvum (infectious and hard to move from water) |
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