Term
| Could viruses be seen by the first microscopes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the term virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Ivanovski and Beijerinck showed? |
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Definition
| disease in tobacco was caused by a virus |
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Term
| Who discovered an animal virus that caused foot and mouth disease in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what viuses can and cannot do? |
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Definition
-Can infect every type of cell
-Cannot exist independently from the host cell, so they aren't considered living things BUT since they can direct life processes they are considered more than a lifeless molecule.
They have to have intrcellular parasites
refered to as infectious partilcles, either active or inactive |
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Term
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Definition
| a retrovirus with an RNA genome |
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Term
Describe the DNA virus of Eukaryotes
enveloped with which kind of genosome |
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Definition
enveloped
Double -strnded genome
-Poxviruses
-Herpesviruses
-Adenoviruses (linear DNA)
-Papovvirses (circular DNA |
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Term
Describe the DNA virus of Eukaryotes
Nonenveloped with which kind of genosome |
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Definition
| It has all the double standed geno plus one single stranded genome Parvoviruses |
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Term
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Definition
| individual genes exist on seperate pieces of RNA |
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Term
| A virus is a tiny infectious? |
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Definition
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Term
Viruses are known to attack?
a. Plants
b. bacteria
c. fungi
d. All organisms |
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Definition
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Term
The nucleic acid of a virus is
a. DNA only
b. RNA only
c. Both DNA and RNA
d. Neither RNA or DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| the general steps in a viral multiplication cycle is |
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Definition
absorption
penetration
synthesis
assembly
and release |
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Term
a prophage is an early stage in the development of an
a. bacterial virus
b. poxvirus
c. lytic virus
d. enveloped virus |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, RNA virses multiply in the cell____, and DNA virsus multiply in the cell________. |
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Definition
| In general, RNA virses multiply in the cell cytoplasm, and DNA virsus multiply in the cell nucleus. |
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Term
| Viruses cannot be cultivated in? |
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Definition
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Term
| clear patches in cultures that indicate sites in virus infection are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rabies, cold sores, genital warts, mumps rubella |
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Term
True or False:
In lysogeny, viral DNA is inserted into host chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
A viral capsid is composed of subunits called virions |
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Definition
False
A viral capsid is composed of subunits called caposomers |
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Term
True or false:
The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the cell wall of its host cell |
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Definition
False
The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the cell MEMBRANE of its host cell |
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Term
True or False:
The nucleic acid of animal viruses enter the cell through a process called translocation |
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Definition
False
The nucleic acid of animal viruses enter the cell through a process called penetration |
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Term
True/ False
Viruses that persist in the (host) cell and cause recurrent disease are called latent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If viruses are unable to multiple independently from the host cell, they are not living things. The other debate is even though viruses do not exhibit most life process they do effect them. |
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Term
| Discuss the size of microorganisms |
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Definition
| virsus are the smallest infectious agents and usually can only be seen with the help of a electron microscrpe |
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Term
| DISCUSS the function and structure of viral capsids |
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Definition
shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core
Made up of protein molecules
two different types-Helical and Icosahedral |
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Term
| Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses? |
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Definition
Virsus that possess an additional covering external to the capsid is called the envelope
viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are considered naked viruses |
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Term
| explain the importance of viral surface proteins or spikes |
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Definition
| essential for attachment. |
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Term
| explain the importance of viral surface proteins or spikes |
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Definition
| essential for attachment. |
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Term
| Describe the multiplication cycles in animal virsus? |
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Definition
absorption
pentration
uncoating
synthesis
assembly
release |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| new viruses are made in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| often causes the host cell to lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| enter host cell's nucleus where they are replicated and assembled |
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Term
| Explain what cytopathic effects are? |
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Definition
| virus -induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
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Term
| Explain what cytopathic effects are? |
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Definition
| virus -induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| medical importance of viruses |
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Definition
-infectious disease
chronic affliction association
type 1 diabetes
multiple sclerosis
cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| The capsid and the nucleic acid togther are called |
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Term
| fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 different types of viral capsid? |
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Definition
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Term
Viral Capsid:
Construction?
made up of?
protects? |
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Definition
Viral Capsid
Construction from identiacal subunits called capsomers
Made up of protein molecules
-to protect DNA protects DNA from the enviroment |
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Term
| Describe icosahedral capsid? |
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Definition
three-dimensional, 20 sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners
Although they all display this symmetry, there are wide variations |
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Term
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Definition
land on cell
only effect bacteria
shape is not symmetrical
caontain tail fibers and capsid head |
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Term
| Describe the viral envelope |
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Definition
takes a bit of host cell membrane in the form of an envelope
in the envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with viral proteins
some proteins form a binding layer between the envelope and the capsid H1N1 |
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Term
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Definition
| remain exposed as spikes; essential for attachment |
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Term
| Name the functions of viral capsid envelope? |
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Definition
Protects nucleic acids
help introduce the viral DNA and RNA into suitable host cell
Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect cell against future infections |
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Term
| List 4 types of nucleic acid stands that can be used as a virus genomes? |
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Definition
1. double stranded DNA
2. Single stranded RNA
3. Single Stranded DNA
4. Double stranded RNA |
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Term
| What are the 2 major types of virus capsid structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of viral capsid/envelope? |
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Definition
Protects nucleic acids
Help introducre the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell
stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that protect the host cells against future infections |
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Term
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Definition
the sum total of genetic informationcarried by an orgainsm
Contain DNA or RNA not BOTH |
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Term
Some viruses are exception to typical DNA and RNA formation
Parvoviruses?
Reoviruses ? |
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Definition
Parvoviruses- Contain single stranded DNA
Reoviruses contain double stranded RNA |
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Term
| WHich bacteria type is stained with crystal violet when performing Gram stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basis for the differnital nature of the gram stain procedure? |
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Definition
| cell walls differ in composition among bacterial types and thus bind stain differently |
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Term
| How are viruses are classified and named? |
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Definition
Main criteria'structure
chemical composition
similarities in genetic makeup |
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Term
Viral enzymes
found in nucleocapsid? |
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Definition
-polymerases
(makes polymers DNARNA makes polymers
-reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| viral enzymes- found in envelope |
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Definition
hemagglutinin
neuraminidase |
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Term
| What is required for viral multiplication? |
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Definition
Host cells
and specific interaction between host cell and virus |
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Term
| Multiplication cycles in animal viruses? |
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Definition
1. Absorption-specific attachment (spikes)
2. Penetration-entry into genome
3. uncoating-release of viral genosome
4. Synthesis-new viral products are made
5. assembly- new viruses are made in the cell
6. release-often causes the host cell to lyse |
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Term
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Definition
virus encounters susceptible host cells
adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane
because of exact fit required; viruses have a limited host range |
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Term
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Definition
whole capsid enters
flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid
The viral envelope can also directly fuse with the host cell membrane (influenza; mumps) |
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Term
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Definition
| entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in vicuole or vesicle (herpes) |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid
the virus is now uncoated (nucleic acid free in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
make more RNA and DNA
-free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host's synthetic and metabolic machinery |
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Term
| How is the DNA viruses synthesis? |
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Definition
| DNA viruses-enter host cell's nucleus where they are replicated and assembled |
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Term
| Where is the RNA viruses synthesis? |
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Definition
| RNA viruses-replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm |
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Term
Assembly and release
MATURE VIRUS PARTICLES ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM |
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Definition
| THE GROWING POOL OF PARTS nucleic acid and capsid spikes |
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Term
Assembly and release
Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when? |
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Definition
| Cell lysis or ruptures and the host cell dies |
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Term
Assembly and release
enveloped viruses are liberated by? |
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Definition
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Term
Assembly and release
Entire length of the cycle to assemble and release |
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Definition
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Term
Damage to the host cell and persistent infections
Cytopathic effects |
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Definition
| virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance |
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Term
Damage to the host cell and persistent infections
Inclusion bodies- |
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Definition
| compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles |
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Term
Damage to the host cell and persistent infections
Synctia |
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Definition
Fusion of cells-
Disease example: RSV |
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Term
Damage to the host cell and persistent infections
Latent infections |
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Definition
infections that are in the body but can show up years later
Disease Example: HIV and Herpes |
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Term
Damage to the host cell and persistent infections
Transformation |
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Definition
Oncogenic (cancer causing)
Disease example: HPV- human papiloma virus and Hepititis B |
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