Term
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Definition
| anabolism, processes cells use to synthesize macromoleculs, using ATP |
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Term
| starting compounds have more free energy than the products |
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Definition
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Term
| reaction requires input of energy |
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Definition
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Term
| change in free energy for a reaction the same regardless of |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvic acid, pyruvate which occurs where |
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Definition
| inside cell is neutral, ionized, outside is acid form |
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Term
| how does enzyme catalyze reactin |
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Definition
| by lowering activation energy |
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Term
| does exergonic reaction have activation energy |
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Definition
| yes - enzymes work on these too |
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Term
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Definition
| main energy currency of cells, ready donor of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
3 phosphate chain, ribose, adenine
unstable high energy bond |
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Term
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Definition
| an acceptor of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| energy that results from electrochemical gradient established by an electron transport chain, like a battery (H+ outside, OH- inside) |
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Term
| 2 processes chemoorganotrophs use to make ATP |
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Definition
substrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| energy released from an exergonic reaction used to power addition of P to ADP |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| energy of a proton motive force drives the addition of P to ADP |
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Term
| photosynthetic organisms generate ATP by |
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Definition
| photophosphorylation - uses sun's radiant energy and electron transport chain to create proton motive force |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made |
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Term
| table 6.2? glucose 6 phosphate...others |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| splits glucose, oxidizes it to 2 pyruvates, provides small amount of ATP, some reducing power and 6 precursor metabolites |
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Term
| Pentose phosphate pathway |
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Definition
| breaks down glucose, but primary role to make reducing power (NADPH) and 2 precursos metabolites |
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Term
| Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle |
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Definition
| oxidizes acetyl Co-A to release 2 CO2, generate the most reducing power, 3 precursor metabolites and ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers electrons extracted from glucose to electron transport chain, generates proton motive force, which drives ATP production |
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Term
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Definition
| 02 serves as terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| uses molecule other than 02 as a terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| cells break down glucose through glycolysis only, use pyruvate as electron acceptor - does not involve TCA cycle (no electron transport chain). only partially oxidizes glucose, relatively little ATP produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| non-protein assistnant to enzymes (Mg, Zinc, Copper) |
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Term
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Definition
| organic cofactors, loosely bound carriers of molecules or electrons (FAD, NAD+, NADP+) |
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Term
| what are there more of enzymes or co enzymes? |
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Definition
| enzymes - coenzymes can assist multiple enzymes, enzymes unique for every reaction |
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Term
| what are coenzymes derived from? |
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Definition
| vitamins - must be ingested in diet |
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Term
| how many degrees celsius for 2X rate of enzymatic reactions? |
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Definition
| 10 degrees C (except if too high proteins will denature) |
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Term
| optimal conditions for enzymes to function |
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Definition
| low salt, pH slightly above 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| have an allosteric site as well as active site, allosteric site being filled can help or hinder active site |
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Term
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Definition
| allosteric enzymes act at first step of pathway, end product acts as allosteric inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitor binds to active site of the enzyme (ex. sulfa drugs) |
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Term
| non competitive inhibition |
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Definition
| binds to non-active site (allosteric are reversible means to regulate reaction, but some are permanent - "poison the enzyme" mercury) |
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Term
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Definition
| uses reducing power (from glycolysis, transition step, and TCA) to synthesize ATP |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| 2 sequential processes, electron transport chain generates proton motive force, then ATP synthase uses force to make ATP |
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Term
| where is electron transport chain in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is electron transport chain in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Term
| 3 groups of electron carriers |
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Definition
| quinones, cytochromes, flavoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that contain heme, cytochrome c tested for in "oxidase test" |
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Term
| E. coli electron transport chain - aerobic or anaerobic |
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Definition
| can be both, very versatile - can use 02 when available or another suitable electron acceptor, such as nitrate (anaerobic) |
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Term
| electron transport chain in prokaryotes - where do H's and ATP's end up |
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Definition
| H+'s pumped out, go back in to drive ATP synthase, ADP to ATP occurs inside |
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Term
| what is the ratio of ATP's created to protons that come back in |
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Definition
| One molecule of ATP per 3 protons (H+) |
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Term
| what can microbes use as energy sources other than glucose |
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Definition
| polysaccharides, proteins, lipids - are broken down by hydrolytic enzymes into precursor metabolites |
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Term
| what is more common, organisms that product amylase or cellulase |
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Definition
| although cellulose very common - amylase more common, bacteria that live in rumen of animals and fungi produce cellulase |
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Term
| how is lipid made into precursor |
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Definition
| fats hydrolyzed by lipases, glycerol converted into precursor dihydroxyacetone phosphate - which forms acetyl CoA (then into TCA cycle) |
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Term
| how is protein made into precursor |
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Definition
| hydrolyzed by proteases, amino acids deaminated yielding carbon skeletons |
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Term
| prokaryotes unique in ability to use what as sources of energy |
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Definition
| inorganic chemicals such as Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) - which are terminal electron accepts of anaerobic exp. |
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Term
| 4 groups of chemolithotrophs |
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Definition
hydrogen bacteria - oxidze Hydrogen gas
sulfur bacteria - ox hydrogen sulfide
iron bacteria - ox reduced Iron
nitrifying bacteria - ox ammonia and nitrite |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms cannot respire due to lack of a suitable inorganic electron acceptor or they lack a transport chain |
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Term
| what are ATP generating steps in fermentation |
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Definition
| only glycolysis - uses pyruvate as terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
| important end products of fermentation |
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Definition
| lactic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, mixed acids, 2,3 butanediol |
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Term
| important end product of fermentation - lactic acid |
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Definition
| & its bacteria - cheese, yogurt, pickles (accumulates causes muscle fatigue) |
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Term
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Definition
| ethanol & CO2 - wine spirits beer bread (saccharomyces - yeast, zymomonas - bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| result of Clostridium obligate anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enterobacteriaceae - methyl red detects low pH (E. coli) |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway differentiates between enterobacteriaceae family members |
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