Term
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Definition
| polymer encased community of microorganisms (meshlike) |
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Term
| chemically defined medium |
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Definition
| culture medium with exact composition, when nutrients must be precisely controlled |
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Term
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Definition
| medium that contains ingredients that vary in chemical composition |
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Term
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Definition
| medium includes ingredient that certain microorganisms change in a specific way |
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Term
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Definition
| stage in growth in which cells divide at a constant rate |
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Term
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Definition
| grows best if oxygen available, but can grow without it |
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes for a population to double in number |
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Term
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Definition
| requires molecular oxygen (O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot multiply and often killed by oxygen (02) |
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Term
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Definition
| measure concentration of viable cellsby determining number of colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| medium with ingredient that inhibits growth of other microbes |
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Term
| what is the process prokaryotes multiply with |
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Definition
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Term
| equation to calculate number of cells after generation time(s) |
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Definition
| Nt=NoX2^n (No=original # cells, n=generation times passed) |
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Term
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Definition
| population descended from a single cell |
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Term
| how many cells needed for colony to be visible? |
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Definition
| 10 Million per milliliter |
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Term
| which type of culture has a growth curve? |
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Definition
| batch (not open, or continuous) - not continuously added or waste removed |
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Term
| what occurs in lag phase? |
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Definition
| cells begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth |
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Term
| what are small molecules made by cells as they multiply? |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary metabolites are |
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Definition
| compounds that begin accumulating when nutrients become depleted and wastes accumulate, late log phase (antibiotics most valuable) |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrient levels too low to sustain growth, number of cells constant, secondary metabolites produced |
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Term
| phase of prolonged decline |
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Definition
| fraction of pop. survives death phase, have adapted |
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Term
| where are cells in a colony growing exponentially? |
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Definition
on the edges, in the center is death phase, in between stationary
-compete for oxygen/nutrients and toxic wastes build up in center |
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Term
| optimum growth temperature is where relative to organism's temp range? |
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Definition
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Term
| group with optimum temp between -5 to 15 C |
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Definition
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Term
| group with optimum temp between 20 - 30C |
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Definition
| psychrotrophs (spoil refrigerated food) |
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Term
| group with optimum temp between 25 - 45C |
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Definition
| mesophile (E.coli and most other common bacteria in this group) |
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Term
| group with optimum temp between 45 - 70C |
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Definition
| thermophile (hot springs, compost heaps) |
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Term
| group with optimum temp 70C+ |
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Definition
| hyperthermophile (deep ocean vents, archaea) |
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Term
| why don't thermophiles die? |
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Definition
proteins not denatured at high temps
(high temperature detergents use heat stable enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leprosy - typically involves coolest regions (hands, feet, ears, fingers) |
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Term
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Definition
| require small amounts of 02 (2-10%), higher inhibitory (H. pylori) |
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Term
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Definition
| indifferent to 02, can grow in its presence but doesn't use it to harvest energy (aka obligate fermenters) |
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Term
| live and multiply within the range of pH 5-8 |
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Definition
| neutrophiles - food preservation like pickling (acidophiles<5, alkaliphile 8.5+ |
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Term
| use energy of sunlight & CO2 to make organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| use energy of sunlight and derive their carbon from organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| use inorganic compounds for energy and derive carbon from CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| use organic compounds for both energy and carbon |
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Definition
| chemoorganoheterotrophs - most common group associated with humans |
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Term
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Definition
| beta - bacteria produce hemolysin on blood agar, causes red blood cells to burst |
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Term
| zone of greenish partial clearing |
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Definition
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Term
| measures cells as they pass single file electronically |
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Definition
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Term
| ideal number of colonies on a plate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most probable number = 2nd set receives 10x dilution (repeat), turbidity (or other) tested results compared to table |
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Term
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Definition
| by adding enzyme luciferase (from firefly enzyme) |
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Term
| solute (salt, sugar) concentration in medium is higher than inside cell |
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Definition
| water diffuses out, cytoplasm dehydrates and shrinks away from cell wall |
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Term
| prokaryotes use N2 gas, convert to ammonia |
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Definition
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Term
| converting inorganic carbon to organic form |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| obtain energy from sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| extract energy from chemical compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| provides conditions that preferentially enhance the growth of that species in a broth |
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Term
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Definition
| adapted to live in high salt environment |
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Term
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Definition
count number of cells, alive or dead
by microscope or cell counting instrument |
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Term
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Definition
| (and flow cytometers) count cells in dilute solutions, uses electrical current to detect resistance changes |
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Term
| viable cell counts - 3 ways |
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Definition
| count only living organisms, plate count, membrane filtration, MPN |
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Term
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Definition
| used for dilute samples, filters and concentrates cells before growing, then analyzed via plate methods |
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Term
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Definition
| diluted sample is added to a solid agar plate |
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Term
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Definition
diluted sample poured on empty plate, then overlaid with melted agar (at 50C)
will be colonies on surface and embedded |
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