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| A distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms |
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| Movement of a cell toward or away from a certain chemical in the environment. |
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| A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell. |
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| An extraordinarily domrant cell produced by some bacteria |
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| A type of structure used for cell movement. |
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| Bacteria that have a cell wall characterized by a thin layer of peptidglycan surrounded by an outer membrane; when gram stained, these cells are pink. |
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| Bacteria that have a cell wall characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan and techoic acid; when Gram stained, these cells are purple |
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| Lipopolyshaccharide (LPS) |
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| Molecule that makes up the out layer of the the outer membrame of a Gram-negative bacteria |
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| A macromolecule that provides strength to the cell wall; it is found only in bacteria |
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| The gellike material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria |
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| Cell surface structures tat allow cells to adhere to certain surfaces; some types are involved in a mcechanism of DNA transfer |
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| Extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of DNA the chromosome. |
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| Structure involved in protein synthesis |
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| Mechanisms used to transport nutrients and other small molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane |
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| only one dye is used to stain the sample. It is an easy way to increase the contrast between otherwise colorless cells and a transparent background. |
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| Why are basic dyes typically used? |
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| They carry a positive charge so they are attracted to the many negatively charged cellular components |
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| The use of acidic dyes that color the background. Cells repel the negatively charged dye, allowing the colorless cells to stand out against the background. It can be done as a wet mount so no heat-fixing is needed |
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| used to distinguish the different groups of microorganisms from one another. |
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| Stain specific structures inside or outside of cells. |
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| These are often negative stains that take advantage of the fact that viscous capsules do not take up certain stains; the capsules stained out against a stained background |
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| Stains endospores, a type of dormant cell that does not readily take up stains. Endospores are produced by Bacillus & Clostridium species |
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| The staining agent adheres to and coats the otherwise thin flagella, making them visible with the light microscope. |
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| absorb ultraviolet light and then emit light of a longer wavelength. They are used in conjunction with a fluorescence microscope. Can be used to observe total cells, a subset of cells or cells with certain proteins on their surface. |
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| Some fluorescent dyes bind to compounds found in all cells; others bind to compounds specific to only certain types of cells. |
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| Antibodies to which a fluorescent molecule has been attached are used to tag specific molecules. |
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| resolving power of light microscope |
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| resolving power of electron microscope |
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| long helical cell with flexible cell wall and unique motility mechanism |
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| characteristically vary in shape |
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| greatest diversity in shapes found in |
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| low nutrient aquatic environment - often large surface area to absorb nutrients |
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| how are archaea membrane lipids different from bacteria? |
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Definition
| not linear fatty acids, are methyl branched isoprenoids |
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| what passes freely through cytoplasmic membrane? |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water & small hydrophobic molecules |
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| does not require energy, cannot create a concentration gradient (rarely used by prokaryotes) |
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| energy is expended to accumulate molecules against a gradient (uses ATP or proton motive force) |
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Definition
| molecule is chemically altered as it passes into cell (typically phosphorylation) |
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| why can't prokaryotes rely on facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| typically grow in nutrient poor environments |
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| sequence of amino acids on a polypeptide that signal for it to be excreted (then when outside do work for cell - ex enzymes degrade macromolecules |
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| tetrapeptides are joined directly in .. |
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Definition
Lipid A- anchors as top of bilayer body recognizes as invading bacteria
O antigen - chain of sugar molecules |
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| what is major reason why gram-negative bacterias less sensitive to medication? |
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Definition
| outer membrane serves as barrier to passage of materials |
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Definition
| in negative, between 2 layers - gel like substance, proteins accumulate here unless moved out |
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| why do antibacterials have no effect on eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| target peptidoglycan - euks have none |
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| penicillin effective against |
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| Gram positive more than negative (outer layer prevents medication from reaching peptidoglycan layer) |
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Definition
| enzyme found in tears, saliva breaks bonds of subunits of glycan, destroys integrity |
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| graham positive cells are colored ___ and why |
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Definition
| purple, crystal violet is retained in the cell because decolorizing agent dessicates peptidoglycan layer, trapping it |
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| graham negative cells are not colored, why |
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Definition
| outer membrane easily damaged by solvent action of decolorizing agent, thin layer of peptidoglycan cannot retain |
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| some bacteria lack a cell wall - such as |
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Definition
| mycoplasma, has sterols in the cytoplasm |
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| S layers- sheets of protein or glycoprotein subunits |
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| distinct gelatinous gel-like layer outside the cell wall |
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| diffuse, irregular gel-like layer outside the cell wall |
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| capsules & slime layers composed of polysaccharides |
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| flagella must work hard, viscosity equivalent of |
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| movement of bacterial cell is |
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| flagella distributed over entire surface |
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| also called fimbriae - allow cells to attach to specific surfaces |
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| what has pili to attach to small intestine? |
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| accumulation of high molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient the cell has in excess (glycogen) |
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| small rigide protein bound compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell. gases flow freely in |
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| endospore formation - complex sequence of changes when carbon or nitrogen limited, sense starvation |
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| DNA duplicated, septum forms, larger side engulfs smaller, peptidoglycan laid down around forespore, mother cell degraded |
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| exposure to heat or certain chemicals |
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| after trigger, takes on water and swells, spore coat and cortex crack open, vegetative cell emerges |
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| in sporulation: one vegetative cell gives rise to |
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| one endospore (not cell reproduction) |
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| inside of organelle bilayer similar to |
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Definition
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| given receptor binds a specific molecule, its |
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| eukaryotic cells take in material by invaginating around it (pinocytosis with liquid) |
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| membrane bound compartment formed by endocytosis, fuses with lysosomes |
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| armlike extensions of cell called pseudopods surround & enclose particulate material (like bacteria) |
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| endosomes fuse with lysosomes |
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| phagosome/endosome/lysosome fusing |
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| structures involved in protein synthesis |
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Definition
actin filaments,
microtubules
intermediate filaments |
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| polymers of actin, rapidly assemble & disassemble to cause motion |
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| thickest, long hollow structures made of tubulin...form mitotic spindles, cilia/flagella |
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| provide mechanical support, like rope, resist physical stress |
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| flagella & cilia microtubule arrangement |
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| where is ribosomal RNA produced? |
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| 2 lipid bilayer membranes |
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| site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| lipid synthesis, degradation, calcium storage |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| synthesizes proteins not destined for cytoplasm |
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| membrane bound flattened compartments, where macromolecules modified before transport |
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| contain powerful degradative enzymes that could destroy the cell if not contained |
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| oxygen helps breaks down lipids and detoxify chemicals (creates hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) |
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| prevents peptidoglycan synthesis |
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| destroys structural integrity of peptidoglycan |
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| move as a pack and form fruiting bodies |
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| which has greater variety of cell wall types? archaea or bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
| use energy released during degradation of organic compounds to generate ATP |
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| mycoplasma does not have a ___ and is not affected by |
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| cell wall, penicillin or lysozyme |
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