Term
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Definition
all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell 3 functions- breaks down molecules builds molecules stores ATP for energy |
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Term
The metabolism of microbes 1.Anabolism VS 2.Catabolism |
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Definition
1. (biosynthesis) building of moleculesany process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures-usually requires energy input 2.the breakdown of bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules (often releases energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| biological catalyst chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming a part of the products. They are required for life because w/o them reactions would not be fast enough |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy that must be overcome before a reaction can begin |
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Term
| What are 3 ways enough energy can be overcome to begin a reaction? |
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Definition
1. increasing thermal energy to increase molecular velocity 2.increasing the concentration of reactant to increase the amount of collisions 3.Adding a catalyst (only living organisms) |
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Term
| What is the stucture of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| Mostly protein w/ primary, secondary, tertiary and quaterney levels of molecular complexity |
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Term
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Definition
| consist only of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
contains protein and non protein molecules a apoenzyme and 1 or more cofactors which can be organic or inorganic |
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Term
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Definition
Fe, Cu, Mg,Mn, Zn, Co,Se they activate binding sites by attracting the substrate closer |
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Term
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Definition
| organic enzymes that work in conjugation with an apoenzyme to form alteration of a substrate it works by removing a substrate molcule from one substrate to another. The vitamin is one of the most important components of a coenzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual site where the substate binds to the active site |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown molecules outside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| break down molecules inside of the cell |
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Term
Rate of enzyme production 1.Constitutive enzymes Vs 2.Regulated enzmes |
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Definition
1.always present in relatively constant amounts 2. production is either induced or repressed in a responce to a change in concentration need |
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Term
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Definition
Synthesis of polymers requiring ATP- release water |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down substrates using water |
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Term
| What are 3 operating conditions that effect the production of enzymes? |
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Definition
1.temperature 2.pH 3.osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
the weak bonds that maintain shape are broken -protiens |
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Term
Metabolic Pathways 1. linear pathways Vs. 2. cyclic pathways |
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Definition
1. product of one reaction serves the substrate for the next. 2. starting molecule is regenerated to initiciate another turn of the cycle |
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Term
Regulation of enzyme productivity 1. competive inhibition Vs. 2. noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
1.a molecule that simulates the direct size of the substrate, then blocks the active site to prevent reactions 2. binds to a secondary site which alters the shape and chemical makeup of the cell so the substrae could not bind |
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Term
Enzyme Production 1. Enzyme repression Vs 2. Enzyme induction |
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Definition
1. the anabolic pathway is turned off due to an increased amount 2.the substrate is present and the catabolic pathway is turned on |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogen base, with a 5 carbon sugar, chain of negatively charged phosphate groups carries high amount of energy in the bonds |
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Term
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Definition
metabolic pathway used by most organisms to break down glucose 4 ATP-----2 used 2 left over ----net 2 ATP Glucose------2 pyruvate 2 NAD+-----NADH Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP +2H+ + 2 H2O |
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Term
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Definition
2 pyruvate----2 Acetyl CoA -----2 CO2 2 NAD+----NADH |
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Term
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Definition
Acetyl CoA combines W/oxaloacetate------citric acid 2 ATP's needed to begin yields-2 Acetyl Co-as which gives 2 cycle |
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Term
| Total yield or aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
1anaerobic respiration VS 2aerobic respirtation |
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Definition
1more productive, uses free oxygen 2.uses oxygen containing ions |
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Term
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Definition
2 ATP recycles NADH back into NAD+ |
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Term
| What are the products of fermentation? |
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Definition
alcoholic beverages Dairy products Vitamins organic acids |
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