a process by which chemical substances are aquired from the environment and are used in cellular activities

-chemical substances use nutrients to engage in activity

what nutrients do all living things require?

C,H,O,P,N,S

K,Ca,Fe,Na,Cl,Mg

Any nutrient that MUST be provided to an organism

-a nutrient essential for life

1.Macronutrients

Vs.

2.Micronutrients

1. required in large quanities, play essential role in cell sturcture and metabolism

(C,H,O)

2.present in smaller amounts and involved in enzyme function and maitenence of protein stucture

(Mn,Zn,Ni

1.Organic Nutrients

Vs.

2.Inorganic Nutrients

1. a combination of atoms other than C and H

2. Contain C and H which are usually the products of living things

an inorganic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogeneous base or vitamin that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be provided as a nutrient

protein capable of stimulating growth

Carbon sources

1. Heterotroph

VS

2. Autotroph

1. Most contain C in organic form-nutritionally dependent.

contain carbon require food from outside source

2. uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source does not depend on an outside source for food.

Energy Sources

1.Phototrophs

VS.

2.Chemotrophs

1.microbes that use energy from sunlight to photosynthesize

ex.algae, plants

2. Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

ex.deep sea vent bacteria

Chemoheterotroph

1.Parasites

VS

2.Saprobes

1.derive nutrients from cells or tissues of hosts

2.free living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic matter from dead organisms

atmos or molecules move in a gradient from an area of lower densisty or concentration(simple and facilitated)  energy is not required (passive transport)

Osmotic relationships

 1.Isotonic

2.Hypertonic

3.Hypotonic

1.the environment is equal in solute concentration to cells internal environment

2.the environment has a higher solute concentration than the inner cell

3.the environment has a lower solute concentration than the inner cell

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Classification by temperature

1.psychrophile

2.mesophile

3.thermophile

4.hyperthermophile

1.microorganism with an optimum growing temp. between -15 C and 0 C

*obligate:cannot grow above 20 C

*faculative:optimum temp above 20 C

2.an organism that grows at intermediate temperatures between 20 C and 40 C

3.a microbe with an optimal growth above 45 C to 80 C

4. microbe with optimal temp between 80 C and120 C

1. O2: transformed into several toxic products during metabolism requiring aerobic organisms to develop enzymes that neutralize chemicals

2. CO2:required by ALL microbes in their metabolism

Classification based on O2 requirements

1. aneaerobe

VS

2. aerobe

1.lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using O2 in respirations.

*obligate:lack enzymes for processing toxic O2

*faculative: an aerobe that does not require O2

2. can use gaseous O2 in its metabolism and posesses the enzymes needed to process toxic O2 products

*obligate-cannot grow w/o O2

microaerophile

aereotolerant anaerobes

explain the terms associated with bacterias that prefer pH

1. between 6 and 8

2. above 8

3. below 6

1.neutrophiles

2.alkophiles

3.acidophiles

1.Osmophiles

VS

2.Halophiles

1.live in habitats with a high solute concentration

2. prefer higher concentrations of salt

*obligate: grow optimally in concentration of 25% NaCl or higher

*faculative: resistant to NaCl

what are the four types of symbiosis?

1.mutualism (+/+) benifitial to both organisms

2.commensalism (+/0) commensal is bennifited while the other organism is neither harmed or benniftited

3.sattelitism(+/0) one organism provides nutrients for the other organism that is neither harmed or bennifited

4.parasitism (+/-) the host provides a habitat and nutrients which bennifits the parasite while the host receives a negative effect

1.an interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that bennifit both, but is not necessary for survival

2.an association between free living species that arises when members of a community compete

  ex. virus?

what are normal microbes that live on the skin, in the digestive tract and other sites on the human

time required for a complete fission cycle which increased the population by 2

Avg. time 30-60 minutes

What are 4 ways to measure population growth?

Spectrophotometer

direct cell count

coulter counter

flow cytometer