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Definition
| no nuclear membranes, circular chromosomes, no organelles, no histones, peptidoglycan cell walls, binary fission-DNA copied cell splits in 2 |
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| membrane bound nucleus, has histones, have organelles, cell walls are simple, mitosis cell division-more complicated than binary fission |
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| remains in pairs after dividing |
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| divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns |
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| divide in 2 planes and remains in groups of 4 |
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| divides in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8 |
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Definition
| divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets. |
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| rod shape meaning little staffs |
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| have one or more twists never straight |
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| have helical shape rigid bodies |
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| shape of bacterium determind by heredity. maintain single shape |
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| Structures external to prokaryotic cell wall |
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Definition
| glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, pili. |
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Definition
| substance secreted on surface that surrounds cell. is sticky (viscous), gelatinous polymer composed of polysac, polypeptide or both. made inside cell and secreted onto surface. it helps biofilm attach to target environment and each EPS. |
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Definition
| if substance is organized and firmly attached to cell wall. determined by negative staining. |
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| if unorganized and only loosely attached |
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Definition
| long appendages that propel bacteria |
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Definition
| bacteria that lack flagella |
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Definition
| flagella distributed over the entire cell |
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| a single flagellum at one pole |
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| a tuft of flagella coming from one pole |
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| flagella at both poles of the cell |
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| long outermost region. constant in diameter and contains the globular protein flagellin arranged in chains that form a helix. not covered by membrane. |
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Definition
| is what filament is attached to. has a different protein and is wider than filament |
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| anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. |
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| the ability of an organism to move by itself. run or swim or tumble or swarm. alter speed and direction. enables bacteria to move toward a favorable environment or away from adverse one. |
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| the movement of bacteria toward or away from particular stimulus |
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| (endoflagella) -bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell. spirochetes, treponema and barrelia use this for movement |
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Definition
| best known spirochete and is causative agent of syphilis |
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| spirochete that is causative agent of lyme disease |
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Definition
| can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface. have a tendency to adhere to each other and to surfaces as a result they are involved in forming biofilms and other aggregations of surfaces of liquids, glass, rocks. help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces which help microbe colonize. no colonization=no disease. can # from few to 100s |
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Definition
| usually longer than fimbriae and # only one or 2 per cell. involved in motility and DNA transfer. |
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Definition
| used to bring bacteria together allowing the transfer of DNA from one to the other |
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Definition
| a complex, semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell. is surrounds the plasma membrane and protects it and interior of cell. almost all proka. have them. major function is to prevent cells from rupturing when water pressure inside is greater than outside. also anchorage for flagella. cause disease, site of antibiotics. in eukar. they are simpler in structure and less rigid. |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecular network thats in cell wall. is either alone or in combination w/other substances. consists of a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form lattice that surrounds, protects entire cell. disac. made up of monosac. called NAG and NAM which are related to glucose. assembled in cell wall. |
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Term
| Gram + vs. gram - cell walls |
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Definition
+ cell wall consists of many layers of peptidoglycan-thick and rigid. contain teichoic acids-alcohol and phosphate
-cell walls contain only thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane. peptido. bonded to lipoproteins and is in periplasm. do not have teichoic acids. can avoid phagocytosis and has lipopolysacha., lipoproteins, phospholipids. |
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Definition
| in gram- cell wall. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains lipids, carbohydrates and consists of 3 components lipid A, core polysac and O polysac. when gram- bacteria di they release lipid A which functions as endotoxin-proteins given off by cell. fever, shock, blood clotting. |
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Definition
| no cell wall. smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host. because of size and no cell wall it can pass thru filters and are mistaken for viruses. have sterols that help protect from rupture. |
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Definition
| wall-less cell, spherical and can carry on metabolism. cellular contents remain surrounded by plasma membrane. may remain intact if rupture doesn't occur. more likely to have osmotic rupture (lysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular contents, plasma membrane remaining outer wall layer also spherical. both burst in pure water or diluted salt, sugar solutions |
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Definition
| when rupture occurs because water molecules from surroundings rapidly move into and enlarge the cell which has lower concentration than outside |
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Term
| Structures internal to cell wall |
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Definition
| plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusions, endospores |
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Term
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Definition
| inner membrane that encloses cytoplasm of cell. consists of phospholipids not proteins. has phospholipid bilayer. serves as barrier thru which stuff enters and exits cell |
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Term
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Definition
| has polar hydrophilic head thats soluble in water and nonpolar hydrophobic tail thats insoluble. |
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Definition
| only removed after disrupting bilayer. they penetrate membrane completely (transmembrane protein). they have hold which stuff can enter, exit cell |
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Definition
| removed easily. lie at outer surface of membrane. they function as enzyme. |
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Definition
| dynamic arrangement of phospholipds and proteins |
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Definition
| (semipermeability) only certain molecules and ions pass thru but others are prevented from passing |
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Definition
| is the net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from and area of high concentration to area of low. evenly distributed-equilibrium. Ex:O2 and CO2 |
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Definition
| intergral membrane proteins (transports) function as channels of carriers that facilitate movement of stuff across plasma membrane. cell doesn't expend energy like simple diffusion. moves high to low. differs from simple b/c it uses transporters. |
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Definition
| cell uses energy in form of ATP to move stuff across plasma membrane-mainly ions, amino acids, sugars. goes against concentration gradient and depends on transporter proteins. lower to high concentrations. |
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Definition
| net movement of water across a semipermeable due to water gradient. movies high to low. |
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Definition
| pressure required to prevent movement of pure (no solutes) water into solution w/solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes = that found inside a cell. no net change (equilibrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| outside the cell is a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell. cells expand |
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Definition
| a medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. cell shrinks. |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane. is about 80% water and has mainly proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, and low molecular weight compounds. is thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic. major sturctures in it are ribosomes and inclusions. no |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane. is about 80% water and has mainly proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions, and low molecular weight compounds. is thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic. major structures in it are ribosomes and inclusions. no cytoskeleton. salts, organic molecules |
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Definition
| usually contains a single long continuous circulary arranged thread of double stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| is cells genetic info which carries info for structure and function. is circular. no nuclear envelope, no histones. |
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Definition
| small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules. are extrachomosomal genetic elements. they are not connection to bacterial chromosome and replicate independently. not important for survival. advantage-resistance, tolerance, can be transferred. |
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Term
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Definition
| all pro and eukaryotes have them. functions as sites of protein synthesis. (rRNA) differ from pro to eu in # of proteins and rRNA molecules they have. prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and less dense and are called 70S ribosomes. eu are 80S |
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Term
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Definition
| reserve deposits within cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells. accumulate nutrients etc. and use them when necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| large inclusions that take their name from fact that they sometimes stain red with certain blue dyes. (volutin) are phosphate storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| (resting cells)are resistant to harsh conditions, and can survive in space, can survive lack of water, extreme heat and toxins. |
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Term
| Terminal endospores, subterminal. |
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Definition
terminally-endospore located at one end
sub-located near one end. |
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Definition
| few in #s and long in relation to the size of the cell. |
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Definition
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Definition
| cellulose, or chitin. plasma membrane is outer covering most of the time. |
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Definition
| a layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbohydrates. not capsule or slime like in prokaryotes. it strengthens the cell surface, helps attach cells together and may contribute to cell to cell recognition. |
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Term
| Plasma membrane of eukaryotes |
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Definition
| amount of proteins are different than in prokaryotes. contains sterols which aren't in prokaryotes. (resist rupture) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell |
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Definition
| encompasses the substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus. cytsol (fluid of cytoplasm). different from prokay. because of the rods and cylinders that form cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of one eukary. cytoplasm from one part of cell to another, which helps distribute nutrients and move cell over surface. |
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Definition
| attached to outer surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum and also free in cytoplasm. site of protein synthesis in cell like in prokar, but larger and more dense than in pro. are 80S |
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Term
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Definition
| structures with specific shapes and specialized functions and are characteristic of eukaryotic cells. include: nucleus, er, golgi, lysosomes, vaculoes, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes, and centrosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| most characteristic organelle. usually spherical or oval, frequently largest structure in cell, contains almost all of hereditary info. |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the nucleus, is a double membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny channels in the membrane that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytosplasm. it controls movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical bodies w/in the nuclear envelope. where rRNA is synthesized. |
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Term
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Definition
| in nucleus. basic proteins. that combine to form nucleosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| when cell is not reproducing, DNA and associated proteins appear as a threadlike mass |
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Term
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Definition
| during nuclear division the chromatin coils into shorter and thicker rodlike bodies called this. |
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Term
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Definition
| an extensive network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules called cisterns. is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Ex: rough er and smooth er |
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Term
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Definition
| is continuous with the nuclear envelope, and unfolds into series of flattened sacs. outer surface has ribosomes. is a factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules. |
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Definition
| extends from the rough er to form a network of membrane tubules. doesn't have ribosomes, but does have enzymes that make functionally more diverse than rough. doesn't synthesize proteins but phospholipids, fats and steroids. |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in transport pathway of proteins from rough er. consists of 3 to 20 cisterns. |
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Term
| Transport vesicles of golgi complex |
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Definition
| formed by proteins surrounded by portion of er membrane that buds from surface. it fuses w/a cistern of golgi releasing proteins into cistern then modified transferred more and secreted from secretory vesicles which deliver them to plasma membrane and discharged (exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from golgi complexes and look like membrane-enclosed spheres. have only one membrane and lack internal structure. but have digestive enzymes. (phagocytosis) |
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Definition
| a space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast. in plants takes up 5-90% of space. derived from golgi. some serve as temporary storage and some help bring in food (endocytosis) and some take up water enabling plant to increase in size and provides rigidity to leaves, stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical or rod-shaped organelles that appear throughout the cytoplasm of most euka. cells. has double membrane. outer membrane is smooth, inner has folds called cristae. |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of mitochondria that is a semifulid substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that makes ATP is located on cristae of inner membrane of mitochondria. mito is considered powerhouse of cell because of atp production. |
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Definition
| a membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzymes needed for light-gathering phases of photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened membranous sacs that is in chlorophyll. stacks of these are called grana |
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Definition
| component of centrosome. is w/in pericentriolar material and is a pair of cylindrical structures each has nine clusters of 3 mictotubules in circle arrangement called array. |
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Term
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Definition
| larger bacterial cells lost cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells. this relationship (one organism inside another) is called endosymbiosis. theory explains origin or eukaryotes from prokaryotes. |
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Term
| What are 12 ways prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
pro-are smaller, no nuclear membrane or nucleoli, no organelles, flagella consist of 2 protein building blocks, glycocalyx can be capsule or slime, cell wall is complex, plasma membrane has no carbohydrates or sterols, cytoplasm has no cytoskeleton or streaming, ribosomes are smaller 70S, no histons and cromosome is single and circular, cell division is binary fission and no sexual recombination (transfer of DNA only)
eukary-larger, have nucleus and nucleoli, have organelles, flagella is complex, cell wall is simple, plasma membrane has sterols, cyroplasm has cytoskeleton and streaming, ribosomes are bigger 80S but smaller in organelles 70S, chromosome are linear and multiple with histones, cell division involves mitosis, and sexual recombination involves meiosis. |
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