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| standard unit of length in metric system |
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| um .oooooo1m (10^-6) micro=million |
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| previously used for 10^-10m or 0.1nm |
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Term
| Compound light microscope |
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Definition
| Janssen created 1st but one used today created by Lister. has series of lenses and uses visible light. condenser-lenses that direct light rays thru specimen from there rays pass thru objective lens which are closet to specimen. image is then magnified by ocular lens. |
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Definition
| ability of lens to distinguish fine detail and structure |
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| distinguish 2 pints a specified distance apart |
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| calculated by multiplying objective lens magnification (power) by ocular lens magnification (power) |
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| Bright-field illumination |
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Definition
| uses visible light-condenser produces it by focusing the light |
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Definition
| used to examine live microorganisms that either are invisible in ordinary light microscopes, cannot be stained, or are distorted by staining that characteristics can't be identified. instead of normal condenser it uses a dark-field condenser that has opaque disk which blocks light. |
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Term
| Phase contrast microscopy |
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Definition
| it permits detailed examination of INTERNAL STRUCTURES in living microorganisms. its not necessary to stain or fix specimen. one set of light rays comes directly from light source and other comes from light that is reflected or diffracted from structure in specimen. when 2 sets of light are brought together they from image in ocular lens containing areas that are relatively light (in phase) thru shades of gray to black (out of phase) |
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Definition
the ability of substances to absorb short wavelengths of light (ultraviolet) and give off light at a longer wavelength (visible)
stained w/fluorescence dye called fluorochromes. fluorescent-antibody technique or immunofluorescence uses it. |
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Term
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Definition
| examines objects small than .2um such as viruses or internal structures of cells. a beam of electrons is used instead of light. better resolution is due to shorter wavelengths of e- instead of using glass lenses it uses electromagnetic lenses to focus beam of e- into specimen. 2 types: transmission e- microscope and scanning e- microscope |
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Term
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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Definition
| a finely focused beam of e- from e-gun passes thru a prepared ultra thin section of specimen. has electromagnetic projector lens instead of ocular lens. has high resolution but only thin section can be studied effectively. has 3-d aspect so has to be fixed (stained) which kills specimen. |
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Term
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Definition
| overcomes problem of sectioning associated w/transmission microscopes. provides 3-d views |
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Definition
| coloring the microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures |
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Definition
| kills microorganisms and attaches them into slide |
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| the film that contains organism that is spread over surface of slide and allowed to dry |
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Definition
| stains are salts composed of positive and negative ions one of which is colored which is known as this |
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Definition
| color is in positive ion-most bacteria is negative and opposites attract so this works most often |
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Definition
| color is in negative dye-bacteria is mostly - and same repels so this doesn't work as often |
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Definition
| preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background. fixing not necessary. |
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Definition
| an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye. purpose is to highlight entire microorganism so that shapes and structures are visible |
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Definition
| chemical is added to solution to intensify stain |
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Definition
| react differently w/different kinds of bacteria. can be used to distinguish them-gram stain and acid-fast stain. |
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Definition
it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram positive and gram negative
one of most useful procedures |
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Term
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Definition
| basic purple dye-imports color into cell (primary stain) |
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Definition
| after crystal violet is wiped off the smear is covered with this mordant and when this is washed opp both + and - bacteria appear dark violet |
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Term
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Definition
| After crystal violet and iodine is gone the slide is washed with this decolorizing agent-removes purple from cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol is rinsed off and slide stained w/this basic red dye (counterstain) then smear is washed and blotted dry and examined |
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Term
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Definition
+(blue)-have original color and is not affected by safranin. bacteria that retain purple color after decolorization
-(red)-bacteria that lose dark purple color after decolorization. are no long visible-why safranin used to turn pink. |
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Term
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Definition
| stains that have a contrasting color to primary stain |
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| differential stain that binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls |
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| red dye applied to smear and is then heated and washed with water |
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Definition
| smear is treated with this after carbolfuchism. it's a decolorizer which removes red that aren't acid fast |
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| Smear is stained with this counterstain after it's treated with acid alcohol |
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Definition
-(blue) after counterstain
+(red)=mycolic acid |
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| causative agent of tuberculosis |
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Definition
| pathogens. acid fast stain used to identify them |
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Definition
| causative agent of leprosy |
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Definition
| a special resistant, dormant structure formed w/in cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions. it's uncommon and formed by genera of bacteria. can't use simple staining because dyes don't go thru cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malachite green is primary stain and is applied to heat fixed smear and then washed with water and safranin is applied so the structure appears green w/in red/pink cells. |
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Definition
| acid - and bacteria is - so nothing shows same repels. uses Nigrosin (india ink). stains background not cell |
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Definition
| uses a mordant and stain carbolfuschism to build up diameters of flagella until they become visible |
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Definition
| structures of locomotion too small to be seen w/light microscope w/out staining |
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Term
| How to diagnose gonorrhea |
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Definition
painful urination, pus discharges
examine pus in microscope -have white blood cells in them and have granular neurophils. gram negative diplococcus means gonorrhea. kills wbc |
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