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| smallest component of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance. it cannot be subdivided into smaller substances w/out losing it's properties. |
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| 2 different atoms together |
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| combing capacity. the # of extra or missing e- in its outermost e- shell |
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| an attraction between ions of opposite charge that holds them together to form a stable molecule. one atom loses e- another gains e- |
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| chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons. strong and more common than ionic bonds. |
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| a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom that is attracted to another O or N atom. bonds are weak, break easily, do not bind atoms into molecules but do serve as bridges. |
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| a chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases. energy is directed inward. |
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chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs
energy is directed outward |
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| when 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. forms new bonds. endergonic. A+B=AB. anabolism |
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| pathways of synthesis reactions in living organisms. Ex: combing sugar molecules to form starch and or amino acids to for proteins. |
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| the reverse of a synthesis reaction. bonds are broken. typically splits large molecules into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions. exergonic and catabolism. AB=A+B |
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| decomposition reactions that occur in living organisms. Ex: breakdown of sucrose into simpler sugars, glucose, fructose, during digestion |
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| part synthesis and part decomposistion. AB+CD=AD+BC. 1st bonds of A and B and C and D are broken in decomp reaction then new bonds are formed between A and D and B and C in synthesis process. |
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| a chemical reaction that is readily reversible-when the end product can revert to original. indicated by 2 arrows. occur because neither reactants or products are stable others only occur under special conditions like heat and water. |
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| any compound with which an enzyme reacts |
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| what is formed when substrate and enzyme combine forms substrate complex which then turns into this |
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| what is formed when substrate and enzyme combine. substrate+enzyme=esc=product+enzyme. this reaction is reversible |
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| molecules, usually small and simple, which lack carbon and ionic bonds may play important role. includes: water, molecular oxygen(O2), CO2, salts, acids and bases. |
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| always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically complex. mostly held together by covalent bonds. |
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| is reason why its abundant, great for life. is polar, strong attraction which means needs a lot of heat to break thus high boiling point. so mostly in liquid form. polarity of water makes it universal solvent. polarity also accounts for role as reactant or product and excellent temperature buffer. |
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| any molecule that has an unequal distribution of charges. ex: water |
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions H+ and one or more negative ions. is a proton donor. |
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| dissociates into one or more positive ions plus one or more negatively charged hydroxide ions OH- that accept or combing with protons. (proton acceptors) |
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| substance that dissociates in water into cations (+) and anions (-). neither is H+ or OH- |
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| ranges from 0 to 14. expresses amount of H+ in solution. potential of H. acids are less than 7 and bases are more than 7. 7 is neutral |
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| compounds that help keep pH from changing drastically |
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| up to 4 covalent bonds. chain of them in organic molecule is called carbon skeleton |
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| specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions and are responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and physical properties of organic compound. different groups show different properties which helps classify organic compounds. |
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| a small molecule that collectively combines to for polymers |
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| large molecules formed by covalent bonding of many repeating small molecules called monomers |
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| small organic molecules combined to make large molecules. |
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| (condensation) a molecule of water is released |
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| the reverse of dehydration synthesis. a decomposistion reaction in which chemicals react with the H+ and OH- of H2O |
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| large and diverse group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches. principal function is to fuel cell activities w/ready source of energy. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. formula is (CH20)n. n=there's 3 or more CH2O atoms. 3 classifications: mono, di, and poly saccharides |
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| simple sugars. contain 3-7 carbon atoms. indicated by prefix of name. Ex: glucose, hexase for energy |
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| formed when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction. Ex: glucose+fructose=sucrose (table salt) and H20. Can be broken down by hydrolysis. |
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| consists of tens or hundreds of monosac. joined thru dehydratino synthesis reactions. are macromolecules. can be split into mone by hydrolysis. not soluble in water. Ex:glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
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| animals use for energy storage. short term energy |
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| cell wall for animals (exoskeleton) |
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| diverse, fats, nonpolar, provide structure of membranes and cell walls and energy storage. have C,H,O but not 2:1 H,O ratio like carbohydrates. not soluble in water but are in nonpolar solvents like either and chloroform. also used in hormones, vitamins and steroids. |
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| called fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids. molecule of fat is created when 1 glycerol combines with 1-3 fatty acids and 1-3 h2o is created |
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| has 3 carbons attached to 3 hydrogen groups |
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| are long chains of C and H ending in Carboxyl group (COOH) |
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| chemical bond formed where h2o molecules are removed in fats. |
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| Complex lipids (phospholipids) |
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| contain phosphorous, nitrogen, and sulfur in addition to C,H,O. Ex:phospholipids. Build membranes essential to cells survival. Made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and in place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group. have polar and nonpolar regions. polar=hydrophilic head. nonpolar=hydrophobic tail |
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| have ring structures. Ex: cholesterol. separate fatty acid chains and prevents packing that would harden plasma membrane at low temperature. |
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| organic molecules containing H,C,O,N some S. make up 50% or more of cells dry weight. Ex:enzymes-speed up reactions, transporter proteins, parts of cell structure, hormones, antibodies, toxins. DNA makes up function. |
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| bonds between amino acids. bonds are between the COOH of one and NH2 of another. one h2o is released-dehydration synthesis. |
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| building blocks of protein. have at least 1 carboxyl group and one amino group attached to carbon and r-group. are 20 of them. different r groups makes up function of protein. |
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| Levels of protein structure |
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| primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. |
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| unique sequence in which amino acids are linked together to form polypeptide chain-is genetically determined (DNA)-r groups. each chain folds in specific ways which also determines function. |
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| localized, repetitious, twisting or folding of polypepide chain. are 2 types. helices-spiral clockwise and pleated sheets-parallel portions of chain. both held by H bonds between O and N. how r groups fold in space |
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| overall 3rd structure of polypeptide chain. folding is not repetitive or predictable as in secondary. involves interactions between various amino acid side groups. |
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| consists of aggregation of 2 or more individual polypeptide chains (subunits) that operate as a single functional unit. |
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| if protein encounters hostile environment in terms of temperature, pH, or salt concentrations it unravels and loses its shape. protein is no longer functional |
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| combination of amino acids with other organic or inorganic components. Ex:glycoproteins, neuroproteins. |
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| first discovered in nuclei of cells. DNA, RNA, ATP. Watson and Crick. macromolecule consisting of nucleotides. |
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| structural unit of nucleic acids. has 3 parts-a nitrogen containing base, a pentose (5 carbon) sugar which is either deoxyribose or ribose, and a phosphate group. the N bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil. |
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| A bond between a two sugar groups and a phosphate group; such bonds form the sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA and RNA. A diester bond (between phosphoric acid and two sugar molecules) linking two nucleotides together to form the nucleotide polymers DNA and RNA. |
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| DNA (deoxyribnucliec acid) |
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| substance of which genes are made. watson and crick w/franklin and wilkins came up with physical structure. Oswald Avery, Colin, Mccarty discovered double helix of it. has backbone consisting of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups. |
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| Complementary bases in DNA |
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| A pairs with T with 2 H bonds. G pairs with C by 3 H bonds. |
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| single strained. has 1 more oxygen than deoxyribose. 5 carbon sugar. has uracil instead of thymine. messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA-protein synthesis. |
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| ATP (adonsine tri phosphate) |
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| energy carrying molecule of all cells and is indispensable to the life of cell. short term energy transfer (storage). provides energy for reactions that need it. adonsine-adenine and ribose. triphosphate-3 phosphate groups. does work for cell. triphosphoylated ribose nucleotide. |
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