Term
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Definition
| cell that lacks a nucleus; includes all bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| cell that has a distinct cell nucleus and other membrane-bound structures |
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Term
| Name ways in which prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar. |
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Definition
-both surrounded by cell membrane
-both encode genetic info in DNA molecules |
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Term
| Name ways in which prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different. |
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Definition
-nuclear region in prokaryotes vs. nucleus in eukaryotes
-membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes, not membrane-bound in prokaryotes
-different components make up cell wall
-binary fission in pro vs. meiosis/mitosis in euk |
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Term
| Name the 3 domains that exist, specifying which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic |
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Definition
1. archaea-prokaryotic
2. bacteria-prokaryotic
3. eukarya-eukaryotic |
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Term
| True or False. Bacteria have a large surface to volume ratio. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does bacteria's surface to volume ratio benefit it? |
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Definition
| -large ratio=no internal part of the cell is very far from the surface so nutrients can easily and quickly reach all parts of cell |
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Term
| What are the 3 typical shapes of bacteria? |
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Definition
| coccus (round), bacillus (rodlike), spirillum (spiral) |
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Term
| What is a comma shaped bacteria called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a corkscrew-shaped bacteria called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| various forms of bacteria within a single culture |
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Term
| Name the prefix that indicates division in one plane which produces cells in pairs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prefix that indicates bacteria in chains. |
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Definition
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Term
| Division in 2 planes producing 4 cells arranged in a cube. |
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Definition
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Term
| Division in 3 planes producing 8 cells arranged in a cube. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prefix that indicates random division planes producing grapelike clusters |
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Definition
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Term
| Structurally, bacterial cells consist of... |
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Definition
1. cell membrane, usually surrounded by a wall and sometimes additional outer layer
2. internal cytoplasm w/ribosomes, a nuclear region, and sometimes granules and/or vesicles
3. variety of external structures, such as capsules, flagella and pili |
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Term
| What are the 2 important functions of a bacterial cell wall? |
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Definition
-maintains shape of cell
-prevents the cell from bursting when fluids flow in/out |
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Term
| What is the main component of bacterial cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of a peptidoglycan polymer. |
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Definition
| molecules of NAM and NAG alternate, are cross-linked by tetrapeptides (chains of 4 amino acids) for strength |
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Term
| What is the additional molecule found in the cell walls of gram-positive organisms? |
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Definition
| teichoic acid-furnishes attachment site for bacteriophages, antigenic, serves as passageway for ions in/out |
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Term
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Definition
-found primarily in Gram-negative bacteria
-bilayer membrane
-attached to peptidoglycan
-contains lipopolysaccaride (endotoxin)
-keeps antibiotics from entering |
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Term
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Definition
-endotoxin
-not released until cell walls of dead bacteria are broken down
-consists of polysaccharides and lipid A (toxic substance) |
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Term
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Definition
-space between cell membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria that is filled with periplasm
-active site of metabolism
-contains digestive enzymes and transport proteins |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of gram-positive bacteria. |
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Definition
-thick peptidoglycan
-retain crystal violet dye
-contain teichoic acid polymers
-lack outermembrane
-lack periplasmic space |
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Term
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Definition
| gram-positive bacteria from which the cell wall has been removed |
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Term
| Describe characteristics of gram-negative bacteria. |
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Definition
-thin cell wall
-contains outer membrane
-contains a periplasmic space
-fail to retain crystal violet dye |
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Term
| cell wall of acid fast bacteria |
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Definition
| think, but very little peptidoglycan (more than gram -, but less than gram +) |
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Term
| Do mycoplasma have cell walls? |
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Definition
no cell wall, just membrane containing sterols
-often exhibit extreme pleomorphism because of no cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria that suddenly lose ability to form cell walls
-play a role in chronic or recurrent diseases
-can revert to walled forms and regrow an infecting population |
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Term
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Definition
-some may entirely lack cell walls
-some may have unusual walls that lack true peptidoglycan (pseudomurein instead) |
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Term
| Describe the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and how it differs from eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-phospholipid bilayer
-transmembrane proteins embedded
-glycolipids
-peripheral proteins loosely associated
-antigens
Prokaryotic plasma membrane is much more versatile than eukaryotic (preforms functions such as ATP synthesis that eukaryotes perform elsewhere), do not contain the variety of lipids in membrane that eukaryotes do (esp. sterols), much larger surface-to-volume ratio so do not need these lipids for rigidity |
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Term
| Describe the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and how it differs from eukaryotic cytoplasm |
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Definition
-mostly water
-many chemical processes occur (including photosynthesis)
Differs from eukaryotes in that it makes up a much larger portion of the cell because of less organelles, also no "streaming occurs" as in some eukaryotes (amoebas) |
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Term
| Describe the ribosomes of prokaryotes and explain how they differ from eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-RNA & protein
-serve as site for protein synthesis
-not membrane bound
-sedimentation rate (SR) of 70S (subunits 30S & 50S)
Differ from eukaryotes in that eukaryotes have SR of 80S with subunits of 60S & 40S, eukaryotes have membrane bound ribosomes, eukaryotes are attached to ER while prokaryotic ribosomes are not |
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Term
| Describe the nuclear region and how this differs in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-contains circular chromosomes which vary in #
-also contain plasmids
Differ in that euk. have membrane-bound nucleus which is much more complex, paired chromosomes, eukaryotes do not have plasmids |
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Term
| Describe the internal membranes in prokaryotes and how this is different from eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-chromatophores which contain pigments for photosynthesis
-Mesosomes (infoldings of cell membrane)
-inclusions
Eukaryotes only contain vesicles (called vacuoles) but none of these other internal membranes. Instead contain many membrane bound organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
-found in prokaryotic cells
-either granules or vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
-no membrane
-contain substances that do not easily dissolve in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
-membrane bound bodies found in prokaryotes
-transport substances
-can contain a vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
-resting stages of vegetative cells
-do not metabolize nutrients
-highly durable, resistant to heat, drying, acid/bases, radiation
-can survive for thousands of years
-way in which bacteria prepare for possibility of future adverse conditions
-can release contents and produce replicates |
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Term
| Describe the external structures in prokaryotes that are used for motility and explain how this differs in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-flagella
-axial filaments (in spirochetes)
-pili
Differs because in euk. flagella has 9+2 arrangement (more complex), do not have pili or axial filaments (cilia instead) |
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Term
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Definition
| term to refer to a single flagella at the end of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| term to refer to two flagella, one at each end of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| term to refer to 2 or more flagella at one or both ends of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| term for flagella all over the surface of a bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
term for no flagella on a bacterium
-cocci rarely have flagellum |
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Term
| Structure of eukaryotic flagella |
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Definition
-made of protein subunits called flagellin
-basal body, hook, tail/filament |
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Term
| Rotation of prokaryotic flagella vs. rotation of eukaryotic flagella |
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Definition
prokaryotic-move like rotating hook
eukaryotic-move like a whip |
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Term
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Definition
| movement toward or away from chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| movement toward or away from light |
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Term
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Definition
conjugation pili-attaches 2 cells and allows pathway for transfer of DNA
attachment pili (fimbriae)-pili that help bacteria adhere to surfaces, contribute to pathogenicity of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
all polysaccharide-containing substances found external to the cell wall
-slime layers
-capsules |
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Term
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Definition
-only in prokaryotes
-protective structure outside of the cell wall of the organism that secretes it
-typically consist of complex polysaccharide molecules arranged in a loose gel
-each chemical composition is unique to strain that produces it
-protective mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
-only in prokaryotes
-thinner than capsule
-attached less tightly to cell wall than capsule
-protects cell against drying, traps nutrients, can bind cells to surfaces or each other |
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Term
| Name some external protective mechanisms of prokaryotes and how this differs in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-capsule and slime layer
Not present in euk., but instead have pellicle, shell, or test |
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Term
| Describe the plasma membranes of eukaryotes. |
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Definition
-phospholipid bilayer
-many lipids (especially sterols which add rigidity to membrane)
-small surface to volume ratio
-not very versatile |
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Term
| Location of DNA in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes |
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Definition
prok.-nuclear region (nucleoid)
euk.-membrane-enclosed nucleus |
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Term
| Is the nucleolus found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are histones found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can one find extrachromosomal DNA in prok. vs. in euk.? |
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Definition
in prokaryotes, found in plasmids
in eukaryotes, found in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts as well as plasmids |
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Term
| Is mitotic spindle found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
| found only in eukaryotes during cell division |
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Term
| Is ER found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of respiration enzymes in prok. vs. in euk. |
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Definition
prokaryotes-in cell membrane
eukaryotes-in mitochondria |
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Term
| Are chloroplasts found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Golgi apparatus found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are lysosomes found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are peroxisomes found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the cytoskeleton found in prok, euk, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? |
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Definition
prokaryotes-cell wall of peptidoglycan
eukaryotes-cellulose, chitin or both |
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Term
| Cell division of prok. vs. euk. |
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Definition
prokaryotes-binary fission (only asexual)
eukaryotes-mitosis and/or meiosis (asexual & sexual) |
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