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| We generally refer to microorganisms using binomial nomenclature. These names generally have two parts (e.g., Escherichia coli or Homo sapiens) which refer to the |
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Definition
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| Peptidoglycan is uniquely found in |
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Definition
| the cell wall of most bacteria. |
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All life can be classified into three domains _________. |
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Definition
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
| Mycoplasmas differ from other bacteria in that they |
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Where do amino acids polymerize and become long polypeptides? |
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Definition
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(fig 2) depicts the structure of _________, which is a thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell. It consists primarily of phospholipids and proteins. |
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Definition
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What atmospheric compound can cyanobacteria convert into usable nutrients for plants? |
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Definition
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| Gram staining of bacteria enables one to distinguish two kinds of bacterial |
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Definition
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Term
The substance upon which an enzvme acts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three principle stages of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is used to make complex organic molecules. This is most commonly accomplished by |
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Definition
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Term
| Human, fungi, worms, most bacteria and myriad other organisms are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of a cell’s energy is produced from the oxidation of................? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a function associated with complement activation? |
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Definition
| inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes |
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Term
| Microorganisms can be more readily phagocytized if they are first coated with antibodies that promote attachment of the microorganisms to the phagocyte. This coating process is called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral lymph nodes are the sites where _________ can encounter antigen presenting cells and become activated |
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Definition
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Term
| In class, two primary functions for T helper cells were described. These are |
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Definition
further activate macrophages and “help” B cells to make antibody |
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Term
| Antibodies bound to antigen help get rid of the antigens because the bound antibodies promote all of the following except |
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Definition
cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing |
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Term
| Which cells make antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of skin that helps protect us from infection? |
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Definition
| the skin cells have Toll like receptors (TLR) that help digest bacteria |
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Term
| The cells to the right are gram + cocci that grow in grape like clusters. What genus are they most likely |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural microbiota of the skin are most likely to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical symptoms such as warts and measles are commonly caused by |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical symptoms such as cold sores, chicken pox, and shingles are caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| Streptococci that are ____hemolytic are most commonly associated with human disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Warts are generally caused by ________. |
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Definition
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| All of the following cause conjunctivitis except ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that metabolize the oil that accumulates in blocked hair follicles |
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Term
| Herpes Simplex I virus causes cold sores in and around the mouth. Most people can develop cold sores many time throughout their lives because |
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Definition
| the virus can become latent in nerves and emerges at various times to cause the lesions |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about defensins is false? |
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Definition
| they are most active in the dermis of the skin |
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Term
| S. aureus is the most pathogenic species of Staphylococcus. One of the enzymes it produces is coagulase. What does coagulase do? |
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Definition
converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
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Term
| All the following are viral diseases of the skin except? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about infectious mononucleosis is false?
a. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection
b. it is characterized by proliferation of monocytes
c. It is caused by herpes virus
d. it has an incubation of 4-7 weeks
e. Childhood infections are asymptomatic |
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Definition
It is caused by herpes virus
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Term
| The most common route of central nervous system invasion is through? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following organisms that can cause meningitis has the ability to avoid destruction from phagocytosis then travel directly from one macrophage to another macrophage without exposure to additional immune responses? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following organisms is mismatched?
a. H. influenza gram negative
b. N.meningitis gram negative
c. L. monocytogenes gram negative
d. S. pneumonia gram positive
e. C. botulinum gram positive |
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Definition
| L. monocytogenes gram negative |
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Term
| Encephalitis is inflammation of what organ or tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| If someone has meningitis, they have a disease of the |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. This usually requires a deep puncture wound to “inject” the bacteria deep into a muscle or other tissue. This requirement is because the bacteria |
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Definition
are strict anaerobes and must be in an environment that is very low in oxygen
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Term
| Which of the following best describes a prion? |
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Definition
| a protein that can cause disease and reproduce without any apparent DNA or RNA |
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Term
| Why can the antibiotic chloramphenicol cross the “blood brain barrier?” |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bodily fluid is tested to diagnose meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eating sausages used to be the most common route of transmission for botulism. Why is this no longer a current health issue? |
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Definition
| nitrates are added to sausages |
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Term
| Treatment for tetanus in an unimmunized individual is? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetania cause their symptoms of disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| The storage of canned food that was not sterilized can be dangerous because |
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Definition
| bacteria that cause botulism can grow |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of sepsis? |
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Definition
| fever and decreased blood pressure |
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Term
| Which of the following organisms is mismatched? |
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Definition
| L. monocytogenes gram negative |
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Term
| Which of the following statements about rheumatic fever is false? |
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Definition
| it is often transmitted by improper food preparation |
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Term
| Which of the following diseases is not caused by a bacterium or virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lyme disease is a vector transmitted disease…. |
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Definition
whose reservoir is deer
whose vector is the tick |
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Term
| Which of the following statement(s) about sepsis caused by gram + organisms are true? |
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Definition
| staphylococci and streptococci produce exotoxins that lead to toxic shock |
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Term
| Which organ or cell is not a part of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the best evidence that the arthritis that is afflicting people in Lyme, Connecticut was due to bacterial infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the suggested treatment to prevent endocarditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease would you be worried a pregnant woman with a cat might get? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally the lower respiratory tract is nearly sterile, what is the primary mechanism responsible? |
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Definition
Efficient functioning of the ciliary escalator in the bronchial tubes |
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Term
| For microbes, the most common portal of entry or mechanism of infection is |
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Definition
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Term
| A serious complication of streptococcal infections (e.g. streptococcal sore throat) leading to sepsis can then lead to |
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Definition
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Term
| When someone is positive on a skin test for tuberculosis, that means |
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Definition
a. they have tuberculosis
b. they had tuberculosis and are cured
c. they have been immunized to tuberculosis
d. any of the above could result in a positive skin test |
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Term
| Mycoplasmal pneumonia differs from Pneumococcal pneumonia in that |
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Definition
| in pneumococcal pneumonia the organism is easy to culture |
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Term
| Pneumococci cause pneumococcal pneumonia. The virulent forms of pneumococci are capable of causing disease because they |
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Definition
| have a capsule that help them avoid phagocytosis |
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Term
| One can get the flu (influenza virus infection) several times. This is because over time the virus changes the antigens on its surface so those that had the disease several years ago will have an immune response that cannot protect against the current strain. The changing of the antigens in this manner is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Viral strains of Influenza virus are identified by antigenic differences in the _________, they are also divided by antigenic differences in their protein coats (A, B, and C) |
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Definition
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Term
| A physician receives a lab report indicating that acid-fast bacilli were found in sputum from a patient with a lower respiratory tract infection. The physician suspects ________. |
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Definition
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