Term
| How does an autoclave sterilize materials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kills microbes by causing breaks in DNA & converting water inside cells into oxygen radicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Match the disinfectant with the correct class of compounds:
A)Iodophor
B)Hibiclens
C)Quaternary Ammonium Compound
D)Lysol/Pine Cleaner |
|
Definition
A) Halogen
B) Chlorhexidene
C) Cationic Detergent
D)Phenol |
|
|
Term
| RNA is involved in DNA synthesis on _____. |
|
Definition
| The lagging strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
| DNA has a hairpin shaped loop called a terninator. What is it's function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plastic-ware and gloves are generally sterilized how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid is called a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unwinds DNA,separates it into single strands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protects DNA from restriction endonuclease. |
|
|
Term
| What does DNA photolase do? |
|
Definition
| Specifically repairs thymine dimers. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the operator? |
|
Definition
| it's the binding site of the repressor. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the promoter? |
|
Definition
| it's the initial binding site of RNA Polymerase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of closely related genes. Expression is regulated by a single promoter. |
|
|
Term
| Direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat do you get when F+ mates with F- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ bacteria can _____ in and incorporate ______ that had been released into the environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the base analog do? |
|
Definition
| it replaces a base on DNA and then pairs with wrong DNA base during DNA synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What base pairs with Thymine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Southern Blotting accomplish? |
|
Definition
| locates a specific gene on DNA with a DNA probe |
|
|
Term
| Define: Spontaneous Mutation |
|
Definition
| a mutation that occurs naturally. |
|
|
Term
| Which microorganism is most sensitive to disinfectants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which microorganism is most resistant to disinfectants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does restriction endonuclease do? |
|
Definition
| Cleaves DNA, creating sticky ends |
|
|
Term
| What happens during generalized transduction? Specialized transduction?? |
|
Definition
| occurs during alytic infection, random piece of DNA is packaged in a bacteriophage capsid; Results fromlysogeny, bacteriophage separates from bacterial DNA and transfers a specific region of DNA |
|
|
Term
| If a technician cuts himself with a scalpel that was used on a patient w/ Hep B should he be concerned about infection? Why? |
|
Definition
| Yes, Although alcohol can kill the virus it may not be able to penetrate the blood to get to the virus and prevent the contraction of Hep B. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Sterilization and Disinfection? |
|
Definition
| Sterilization occurs using heat, uv light, etc to kill ALL microorganisms before use. Disinfection, however, is done using alcohol, halogens, phenols, etc to kill harmful microorganisms but not necessarily ALL of them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disinfectant that can be used on or in the body |
|
|
Term
| Why is moist heat a more effective sterilizing agent than dry heat? |
|
Definition
| has better penetrating ability |
|
|
Term
| Pharmaceuticals and biological fluids, such as serum, are usually sterilized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does UV light kill bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Genetic damage by formation of thymine dimmers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iodine mixed with an organic compound |
|
|
Term
| In Fred Griffiths experiment mice infected with live virulent bacteria were killed whereas mice infected with either killed bacteria or live avirulent bacteria survived. On the other hand, mice infected with a mixture of killed virulent and live avirulent bacteria were killed. What type of genetic exchange took place in this experiment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that are competent are capable of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes of the lac operon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism that controls expression of the lac operon occurs in the absence of lactose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of mutagen causes an extra base to be added to DNA, resulting in frame-shift mutation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Production of multiple copies of DNA sequence? |
|
Definition
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
|
|
Term
| Separation of DNA fragments on the basis of size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism of mutation repair is most likely to cause mutation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What DNA base pairs with guanine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary use of ultraviolet light as a sterilizing agent? |
|
Definition
| Sterilizing the air in certain rooms |
|
|
Term
| To which group of disinfectants do Betadine and Wescodyne belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA primers are involved in DNA synthesis on which strand of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism specifically repairs thymine dimmers caused by UV light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which repair mechanism results in a new base being added to a new DNA strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where must the repressor bind to inhibit transcription of the lac operon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must bind the repressor to prevent it from inhibiting transcription of the operon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Separates DNA fragments on the basis of size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Makes multiple copies of a DNA fragment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that can take in and express exogenous DNA are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have discovered a protein in a shark that specifically kills tumor cells and you want a DNA probe to locate its gene in the sharkâs DNA. How would you make the probe? |
|
Definition
| The amino acid sequence of the protein will provide information on the base sequence of the mRNA coding for the protein; the base sequence of the probe can then be determined from the base sequence of the RNA. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following plays an important role in recombination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a DNA molecule what base pairs with cytosine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disinfectants act by disrupting the cell membrane of bacteria and other microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ***Essay*** Why don't the genes in the lac operon of E.Coli actively transcribe until all of the glucose is depleted? |
|
Definition
| Because glucose is a preferred food source. Glucose itself represses the activity of the lac operon, such that only when lactose is the only source of energy is it activated. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***Why does SOS repair of DNA usually result in mutation? |
|
Definition
| When there is overlapping damage to both strands of DNA, the damage on 1 strand is removed and filled in with DNA polymerase using the good base as a template. The original portion is damaged (not readable) so random bases are used. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***What is frame shift mutation? |
|
Definition
| A mutation distinguished by insertions or deletions that change the identities of the codons after the mutation. Often creates stop codons that cause premature termination of the protein. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***What is the difference between anionic detergents and cationic detergents? |
|
Definition
Anionic surfactants are negatively charged and are particularly effective at cleaning oily surfaces and keeping the dirt away from surfaces. They are
Cationic surfactants are positively charged and contribute to the disinfecting/sanitizing properties. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***What type of bacterial DNA is transferred in generalized transduction? What type is transferred in specialized transduction? |
|
Definition
| Generalized: lytic infections, random DNA. Specialized: lysogenic infection, specific DNA |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***What are HFr bacteria? |
|
Definition
| High frequency recomplication is when a plasmid can be incorporated into the DNA and it causes the plasmid to make a complete copy of the bacterial cell. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***During many infections tissue cells are killed and release their DNA. Why is it that pathogenic bacteria do not take up and incorporate this DNA and express human genes? |
|
Definition
| The DNA must be the same or a closely related species in order to be incorporated. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***During infection tissue cells are destroyed, releasing their DNA. Why is this DNA not taken up and incorporated into the genome of the pathogenic bacteria causing the infection? |
|
Definition
| bacteria can only incorporate DNA that is the same or closely related species. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***In class I mentioned that alcohol is often not properly used as a disinfection. Give an example of this. |
|
Definition
| Technicians when drawing blood often retouch the disinfected area making it infected again. And they normally, also, wipe with an alcohol pad, then prick the skin, not allowing enough time for the alcohol to disinfect. |
|
|
Term
| ***Essay***Name 3 ways in which recombinant technology is used. |
|
Definition
Medical Uses: DNA diagnosis, vaccines, important proteins, recombinant animals
Agricultural Uses: protects from frost damage, protects from pests, recombinant crops
Industrial Uses: helps clean oil spills, breaks down bacteria |
|
|
