Term
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Definition
| All organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus, does not have organelles enclosed by membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
Are single celled (unicellular) organisms
Ex. Bacteria and Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is inside a nucleus, has several organelles enclosed within membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Can be unicellular or multicellular organisms
Ex. Protists (protizoa and algea), fungi, bacteria, and animals |
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Term
| 6 Basic Elements cells are build of |
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Definition
| Co2, O2, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
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Term
| DNA and its 4 nucleotide bases |
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Definition
-deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double stranded molecule made of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
Hydrogen bonds hold the 2 strands together |
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Term
| RNA and its 4 nucleotide bases |
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Definition
| Ribonucleic acid is a single stranded molecule made of adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine, which helpd DNA express traits and helps the ribosomes synthesize protein |
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Term
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Definition
| (Made of DNA) controls the traits of organisms, and have instructions for making proteins that are needed to express traits |
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Term
| Genes (DNA) -> assisted by RNAs -> to make protiens -> to show traits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A parent produces genetically identical clones |
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Term
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Definition
One cell devides in half
(Asexual) |
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Term
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Definition
DNA from parents recombine to produce to genetically diverce offspring
Ex gametes or sex cells fused to form a zygote |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
use carbon dioxide as main source of carbon and solar energy to make their own food the process of photosynthesis
Ex cytanobacteria, algea and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| require different sources of organic carbon from food or organic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
1. observations and curiosity
2. hypothesis
3. experiment
4. data analysis
5. conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
- formed the basis of aseptic techniques
- fermentation
- pasteurization
- disapproved spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
-germ theory of disease
- pure cultures
- Microbacterium taburculosis
- vibro cholera |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-theory of immunity
- syphilis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| three domain system of classification based on ribosomal DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| first observation of cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first observation of live microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do microorganisms contribute to our lives |
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Definition
- recycle
- sewage treatment
- bioremediation
- genetic engineering
- biotechnology |
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Term
| What microbes recycle vital element and how? |
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Definition
| bacteria and fungi decompose are we algae and cyanobacteria produce o2 and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What microbes contributes to sewage treatment and how? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses bacteria to degrade or detoxify pollutants in our environment such as oil spills and mercury |
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Term
| Biotechnology (how are microbes used) |
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Definition
| uses microbes to make food and chemicals |
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Term
Genetic engineering
(how are microbes used) |
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Definition
| uses microbes to produce vaccines and enzymes (proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
microbes that normally grow on the surface or inside our body without causing disease
(symbiosis) |
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Term
| Page 3 C dash 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 |
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Definition
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Term
| How are organisms grouped? |
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Definition
| According to their characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of classifying organisms; to give universal names; to identify newly discovered organisms; to understand how organisms are related |
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Term
| Cell types that distinguish an organism |
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Definition
-Prokaryote cell
-Eukaryote cell |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryote; cell wall has peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryote; no peptidoglycan in cell wall; lives in extreme environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of archaea; like very hot places |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of archaea; like methane gas |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of archaea; like very salty places |
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Term
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Definition
Can be unicellular or multicellular organisms
Ex. Protists (protizoa and algea), fungi, bacteria, and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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Term
Binomial
How is it written? |
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Definition
Two names that every organism is assigned; the genus and specific epithet (species)
-Both names are printed underlined or italicized |
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Term
| What is a Eukaryotic species? |
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Definition
| a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves |
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Term
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Definition
Is always a noun and is capitalized
-consists of species that differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent |
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Term
| Specific epithet (species) |
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Definition
| Is usually an adjective and lowercase |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of related genera |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar families |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of similar orders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a population of cells with similar characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
pure culture
-a population of cells derived from a single parent cell |
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Term
Strain
(how are they identified) |
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Definition
is when pure cultures of the same species are not genetically identical
-identified by numbers letters, or names that follow the specific epithet |
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Term
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Definition
| population of viruses with similar characteristic (enzymes, genes, morphology) that occupy the same ecological niche (host). |
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Term
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Definition
| based structural characteristics- shapes, size and arrangement of cells; used to identify eukaryotes because they are bigger than prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
Use dyes to identify bacteria based on their cell wall composition
ex gram positive or gram negative, acid fast stain |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of various enzymes (proteins) is used to differentiate bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| tests the reaction of a microorganism (antigenic) with specific antibody (proteins)that is produced by an animals immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| determines which phages (bacteriophages- bacterial viruses that usually cause lysis of the bacterial cell they infect) a bacterium is susceptible to. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial species can be identified based on the kinds of fatty acids the produce |
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Term
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Definition
| tests the electrical conductivity of bacterial cells using lasers or light |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of guanine and cytosine nucleotides of DNA can be used to classify organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual displays its unique DNA pattern based on its sequence---first the DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes' then the different-sized fragments show a unique pattern on a agarose gel |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| makes many copies of a piece of DNA in order to identify species or strains this amplified piece of DNA may be a unique DNA sequence or gene |
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Term
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Definition
| all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribonucleic acids and ribosomes; the order of nucleotides of the RNA found in ribosomes is unique for a species |
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Term
| Nucleic Acid (DNA)Sequencing |
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Definition
| test the relatedness of individuals based on similarity of their DNA sequence; single strands of DNA from closely related organisms will bind (hydrogen boding between complementary bases) and form a double-stranded molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular, eukaryotic organisms |
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Term
Characteristics of Protozoa
1.Reproduction
2.Encystment
3.Nutrion |
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Definition
1. asexually; fission, budding, schizogony (multiple budding)
sexual; conjugation
2. Under certain adverse conditions some protozoa produce a cyst
3. Mostly aerobic heterotrophs
intestinal protozoa are capable of anaerobic growth
-all need large supply of H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| the vegetative form of protozoa that fee and grow |
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Term
| During Sexual Reproduction of Protozoa the DNA from the parents recombine to produce what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Domain; Eukarya, Kingdom; Protozoa, Phylum; Ciliophora, Amoebozoa, Apicomplexa, Archaezoa, Euglenazoa |
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Definition
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Term
| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Ciliophora... |
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Definition
move and fee by means of cilia
ex. Balantidium coli |
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Term
Balantidium coli
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-dysentery
-Feces in drinking water
- Ciliophora |
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Term
| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Amoebozoa.... |
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Definition
move and feed by means of Pseudopods (false feet)
ex. Entamoeba histolytica
ex. Balamuthia |
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Term
Entamoeba histolytica
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-Amoebic Dysentery
-Feces in drinking water
-Amoebozoa |
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Term
Balamuthia
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-Encephalitis
-Water
-Amoebozoa |
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Term
| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Apicomplexa... |
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Definition
not motile; special organelles penetrate host tissue
-Obligate intracellular parasites
-Complex life cycles (different hosts)
ex. Plasmodium vivax
ex. Cryptosporidium
ex. Toxoplasma gondii |
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Term
| Obligate intracellular parasites |
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Definition
| parasites that can only grow inside living host cells |
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Term
Plasmodium vivax
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-Malaria
-bite of a female anopheles mosquito
-Apicomplexa |
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Term
Cryptosporidium
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-Diarrhea
-Humans, animals, H2O
-Apicomplexa |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii
Disease-
Source-
Phylum- |
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Definition
-Toxoplasmosis
-Cats
-Congenital disease passed from mother to fetus and affects blood and lymph vessels
-Apicomplexa |
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Term
| Domain Eukarya; Kingdom Protozoa; Phylum Archaezoa... |
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Definition
| moves by flagella, lives in digestive tract of animals |
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Term
Trichomonas vaginalis
-Disease
-Source
-Phylum |
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Definition
-Vaginitis
-Urethra
-Archaezoa |
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Term
Giardia lamblia (cysts)
-Disease
-Source
-Phylum |
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Definition
-Diarrhea
-feces in drinking water
-Archaezoa |
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Term
| Domain Eukarya, Kingdome Protozoa, Phylum Euglenazoa |
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Definition
| Moves by flagella; does not sexually reproduce |
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Term
Tripanosoma brucei gambiense
-Disease
-Source
-Phylum |
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Definition
-African Sleeping Sickness
-Bite of Tsetse Fly
-Euglenazoa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Algae
-What are their environment?
-Primary producers in what? |
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Definition
-Most algae live in aquatic or moist environments
- aquatic food chains |
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Term
Dinoflagellate algae blooms?
-Disease
-Source
-Kingdom |
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Definition
(Red tide) Produce neurotoxins that cause
-Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
-contaminated Clams and mussels
-Algae |
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Term
Phytophthora infestans
-Disease
-Source
-Kingdome |
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Definition
-Irish Potato Blight (caused the famine in Ireland in 1840)
-Potato
-Algae |
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Term
| Some diverse vegetative structures of Algae? |
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Definition
-Unicellular ex diatoms and scenedesmus
-Filamentous ex. spiragyra
-colonial ex. volvox
-Multicellular have "body parts" |
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Term
| What are the Multicellular Algae's 5 "body parts"? |
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Definition
Thallus-body
Holdfasts-roots
stipes-stems
pneumatocytes- used to float
blades- leaves |
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Term
Algae's Life cycle
Sexually-
Asexually- |
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Definition
-some reproduce sexually, some alternate generations
-all reproduce asexually
ex. cell division (unicellular)
ex fragmentation (filamentous, multicellular) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Photoautotrophic
-Store their food as carbs, starch, glucose polymer and petroleum |
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Term
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Definition
| use carbon dioxide as main source of carbon and solar energy to make their own food |
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Term
|
Definition
-unicellular, ex. yeasts
-multicellular, ex. molds and mushrooms
-eukaryotic
-Chemoheterotrophic
-Reproduce by making spores |
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Term
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Definition
- feed on dead matter
ex. most fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| based on their sexual sprores |
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Term
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Definition
| Very few of plants and animals |
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Term
| What type of environments do fungi like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Unicellular
-Facultative anaerobe
-reproduce asexually |
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Term
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Definition
| Can live with or without O2 |
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Term
| 3 ways yeasts can reproduce asexually |
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Definition
Fission
Budding
Pseudohyphae |
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Term
| Buds of yeast are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do yeasts reproduce sexually? |
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Definition
| by fusing two nuclei and forming ascospores that are enclosed inside an ascus |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual spore inside an ascus
- grouped in Phylum Ascomycota
ex yeasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Sac that surrounds spores |
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Term
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Definition
-multicellular fungus
-aerobic |
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Term
|
Definition
| are long filaments of cells that form a mycelia |
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Term
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Definition
| a cottony mass that form from hyphae |
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Term
|
Definition
| have cross-walls that separate cells |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| grow on the surface for molds to absorb nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| grow upward and usually hold reproductive spores |
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Term
|
Definition
-Sporangiospores
-Conidiospores |
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Term
|
Definition
are formed inside a sac called a sporangium
-asexual |
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Term
|
Definition
| are formed as chains of spores not enclosed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-large spore enclosed in a thick wall
Group in Phylum Zygomycota
ex. Plycomyces and Rhizopus |
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Term
|
Definition
-Dimorphic
-Teleomorphic
-Anamorphic |
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Term
|
Definition
| have 2 forms yeast like or mold like |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce both asexual and sexual spores |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
illness due to the toxins produced by fungi
ex. Aflatoxin from Aspergillus flavus |
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Term
Aspergillus Flavus
-what does it do
-where is it found
Fungi |
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Definition
-Produces aflatoxin and is carcinogenic
-peanuts and grains that are contaminated by this mold |
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Term
|
Definition
doesn't ordinarily cause disease but can become pathogenic under certain conditions
ex Canidida albicans |
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Term
|
Definition
| can cause a yeast infection |
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Term
| 3 Medically Important Phylums of Fungi |
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Definition
-Zygomycota
-Ascomycota
-Basidiomycota |
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Term
| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Zygomycota |
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Definition
-Zygospores
-Sporangiospores
-Coenocytic
ex. Rhizopus |
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Term
| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota |
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Definition
-Ascospores
-Conidiospores
-Septate hyphae
ex. Aspergillus flavus
ex. Candida albicans
ex. Mycosporum
ex. Trichophyton |
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Term
|
Definition
ringworm
under phylum Ascomycota |
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Term
|
Definition
athletes food
under phylum Ascomycota |
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Term
| Domain Eukaryea, Kingdome Fungi, Phylum Basidiomycota |
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Definition
-Conidiospores
-Septated hyphae
ex. Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Term
Cryptococcus neoformans
Fungi |
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Definition
-affects the nervous system (meningitis)
-systematic mycosis |
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Term
|
Definition
-non cellular
-contains only DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
-Obligate intracellular parasite
-some have an envelope
-some have spikes |
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Term
|
Definition
| are the subunits that make up the protein coat that surrounds virus's genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Infectious RNA
other parasite that cause disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Infectious protein particle
other parasite that cause disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Helical-rod
Polyhedral-many sides
Enveloped- spherical, variable shape
Complex virus- T-even (spaces ship) |
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Term
Taxonomy
-Genus
-Species
-Subspecies |
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Definition
-______-virus (herpes-virus)
-host (human herpes-virus)
-strain H1N1, H3N2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
| 2 cycles of Bacteriophages |
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Definition
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| phage causes lysis and death of a host cell |
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Term
|
Definition
-Attachment
-Penetration
-Biosynthesis
-Maturation (virons are complete)
-Release |
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Term
|
Definition
| the prophage is replicated each time the host cell divides |
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Term
| 3 steps fo the Lysogenic cycle |
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Definition
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Prophage |
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Term
|
Definition
Immunity
Phage conversion
Specialized transduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lysogenic bacterial host becomes immune to reinfection by the same bacteriophage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lysogenic host by acquire new genes and traits from the bacteriophage (antibiotic resistant genes can be passed along) |
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Term
|
Definition
| phage can transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another creating a new strain |
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Term
Multiplication of Animal Viruses
(seven steps) |
|
Definition
Attachment
Penetration
Endocytosis
Fusion
Uncoating
Provirus- Virus DNA integrates with Host's DNA
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release by rupture or budding |
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Term
|
Definition
| remains asymptomatic for long periods |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process occurs over a long period of time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Provirus DNA integrates into host DNA and can caused uncontrolled cell division (tumor) |
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Term
|
Definition
Cytopathic effect-compare healthy and infected tissue
Serological Test- use antibodies agglutination
Nucleic Acid Tests- Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA fingerprinting |
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