Term
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Definition
| a process that produces an exact copy; in molecular biology, this is a process that produces two DNA molecules that are exact copies of the starting DNA molecules |
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Definition
| the enzyme that links together nucleotides to make new strands of DNA |
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Definition
| a location on a chromosome where replication begins |
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Definition
| half of the original (in particular, one whole strand of the original helix) is intact in each new helix at the end of replication (the other strand is newly synthesized) |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| the amplification of small amounts of DNA using repeated rounds of replication; a lab technique used to make many copies of a DNA segment |
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Term
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Definition
| a short single-stranded nucleic acid molecule that serves as the beginning of a strand during synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| States there is a one-way flow of information from DNA to protein; this was believed to be correct from 1950s to the 1980s. |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of information from RNA to produce DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a site on a DNA molecule that promotes the binding of RNA polymerase and points the direction for transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA molecule that encodes a protein |
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Definition
| an RNA molecule that is used to build a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| an RNA molecule that carries an amino acid into a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| two nitrogenous bases which associate via hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
an adjective referring to either
-two nitrogenous bases that form a base pair
or to
-two nucleic acid strands that can form base pairs along their entire length |
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Term
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Definition
| reform the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which one strand of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule |
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Term
-transcription (DNA to RNA)
-translation (RNA to amino acid) |
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Definition
the process involving
-initiation
-elongation
-termination |
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Term
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Definition
| a cellular process in which the sequence of nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids linked together to make a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of three nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule that are used as a code for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of three nitrogenous bases in a tRNA molecule that base pair to a codon |
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Term
stop codon
nonsense codon
terminator codon |
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Definition
| a group of three nitrogenous bases that do not encode an amino acid and serve as a stop signal, ending translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the grouping of the bases into codons |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of DNA which encodes one RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the start-codon in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment of a DNA molecule that controls the transcription of a neighboring segments |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of genes whose expression is controlled by a single operator |
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Term
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Definition
| (in genetics) the inhibition of transcription of a gene when a compound interferes with the binding RNA polymerase to the gene's promotor |
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Term
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Definition
| (in genetics) the enhancement of transcription of a gene when a compound increases the rate at which RNA polymerase initiates transcription of the gene |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent changes in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic make-up of one trait of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic make-up of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the observable traits of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that differs from its parent due to a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that does not change the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that slows the growth and/or reproduction of an organism or is lethal |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturally-occurring mutation (most occur when DNA polymerase makes a mistake during replication; can also occur when a virus inserts its nucleic acid into the chromosome of the host cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that occurs due to human activities or man-made chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
an agent that causes mutation; can include
-physical agents (xray, UV radiation)
-chemical agents (nitrous acid; base analog) |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that is structurally similar to one of the common nitrogenous bases. Some cause mutations when they are incorporated into strands of DNA during synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a single base, e.g., substitution, deletion of one nucleotide, or addition of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| when a longer segment of nucleotides is added; also occurs when a virus or a plasmid inserts its nucleic acid in the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| when a longer segment of nucleotides is deleted |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that changes the reading frame |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation occurring in a mutant that restores the original phenotype |
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Term
| obligate intracellular parasite |
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Definition
| an organism that survives only by living inside a host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a fully-assembled extra-cellular virus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the protein coat along with the nucleic acid core of a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| a phospholipid bilayer surrounding a viral capsid |
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Term
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Definition
| functional molecules that project out from the surface of a viral particle (usually protein or glycoprotein in composition) |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that acts as a recognition and binding site for another molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| long and thin; aka helical |
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Term
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Definition
| having 20 triangular sides |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial viruses that have an icosahedral head on a filamentous body; also includes any other unusual shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects the lungs and/or respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects the blood & a variety of organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a viral replication cycle in which a virus penetrates a host cell, replicates, and lyses the host cell, releasing numerous viral particles |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of becoming lytic |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral replication cycle in which a viral genome is integrated into the host cell's chromosome, and, along with the rest of the chromosome, the viral genome is copied and passed to daughter cells; if stressed, this cycle can convert to the lytic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral genome that is located in a eukaryotic chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a viral genome that is inserted in a bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| harsh, or having a severe effect |
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Term
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Definition
| phage that have a drastic effect on the host cell because they can replicate via the lytic cycle, lysing the host cell after release |
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Term
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Definition
| phage that have a relatively mild effect on the host cell because they can replicate via the lysogenic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
1) cell division in which one daughter cell is much smaller than the other daughter cell
2) release of viral particles from a host cell without lysis of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
compounds produced by virally-infected cells. The compounds are secreted from the cells and bind to nearby cells where they activate antiviral mechanisms.
Used to treat MS, some cancers, herpes, HIV, & hepatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| an elevation of skin filled with serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| an elevation of skin, reddened, solid, & circumscribed |
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Term
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Definition
| a discoloration of skin, neither raised nor depressed |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of bright red patches with white pimple-like centers located on the buccal mucosa opposite the 1st and 2nd molars. Appear several days before the skin rash of measles |
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Term
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Definition
| dark cytoplasmic granules seen in the brain stem cells of rabid animals |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged lymphocytes with lots of vacuoles characteristic of Epstein-Barr virus infections |
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Term
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Definition
| a glycoprotein produced by a white blood cell that binds to a specific foreign molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody molecules which are free in the blood serum and not attached to a cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| clumping of red blood cells |
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