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Definition
| a group of inter-breeding organisms |
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Definition
| a group of genetically-identical bacteria |
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Definition
| a group of very similar strains that differ significantly from other strains; a group of bacteria that share 70% or more biochemical similarity |
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Definition
| a group of closely-related species (taxonomy term) |
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Definition
| the highest classification rank used in traditional classification (up to the mid-70s); a group of closely-related phyla |
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Definition
| the highest classification rank used in modern taxonomy since the mid-70s; a group of closely-related phyla |
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Definition
| unusual spiral-shaped bacteria that have a sheath surrounding the cell |
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Definition
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| rod-shaped bacteria in chains |
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Definition
spherical bacteria in chains
[image] |
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Definition
| spherical bacteria in clusters |
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Definition
| spherical bacteria in pairs |
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Definition
| very short rods or slightly elongated round bacteria |
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Definition
| all of the genetic material in a virus, cell, or organism |
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Definition
| molecules found in the outer membrane of Gr- bacteria; can be toxic to humans |
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Term
| cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) |
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Definition
| a thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm in cells |
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Term
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Definition
a layer immediately outside the cell membrane
function: supports the cell membrane (prevents cell lysis); determines the Gr rxn of the cell; anchors teichoid acids in Gr+ bacteria; many layers thick in Gr+ bacteria but only 1-3 layers thick in Gr- cells |
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Term
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Definition
a [typically ruffled] layer outside the cell membrane and the cell wall; found only on prokaryotes; found mainly on Gr- bacteria
function: holds secreted materials in the periplasm; protects cell by preventing the penetration of some chemicals (i.e. antibiotics) |
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Term
| periplasm or periplasmic space |
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Definition
the space between the outer membrane and the cell membrane; found only on prokaryotes; found mainly on Gr- bacteria
function: contains enzymes & other material that protect & nourish the cell by breaking down entering compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer coating the cell (found outside all other layers) function: attachment, protection against dehydration & phagocytes; can create a biofilm |
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Term
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Definition
| thin & flexible glycocalyx |
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Definition
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Definition
| a community of microbes attached to a surface; can be caused by glycocalyx or by pilus |
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Definition
| a thin, relatively short, hair-like projection from a prokaryotic cell; can create a biofilm |
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Definition
| granules (larger than ribosomes) visible in prokaryotic cells function: store excess nutrients or energy |
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Definition
| a small accessory DNA molecule in P&E cells; looks like a chromosome, only smaller; rare & linear in eukaryotic cells; common & looped in prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
| an enzyme made by many organisms to break bonds in peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium to prevent the formation of peptide cross-bridges in peptidoglycan |
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Definition
| the compound used by bacteria to make cell walls |
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Definition
| a structure that stores a copy of the bacterial chromosome during periods of harsh conditions; formed by some Gr+ bacteria |
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Definition
| an actively-growing plant or bacterial cell |
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Definition
| the first of two stages of the process of forming a vegetative cell from an endospore |
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Term
| sporogenesis (aka sporulation) |
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Definition
| the process in which a vegetative cell forms an endospore |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of splitting in two; in micro, it is the process in which a prokaryotic cell splits to form two daughter cells |
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Term
| doubling time (aka generation time) |
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Definition
| the time it takes for a prokaryotic cell to complete the cycle of cell reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the first phase in the plot of the growth of a culture |
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Definition
| the phase in the plot of the growth of a culture when bacteria are put in a new culture and they do not grow immediately |
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Definition
| the second phase in most plots of culture growth; cells are growing rapidly and constantly in this phase |
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Definition
| the third phase in most plots of culture growth; the phase in which cell number does not change because cell divisions are balanced by cell deaths |
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Definition
| the fourth and last phase in culture growth plots; the decline phase; the phase in which cells die logarithmically |
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Definition
| the phase in plots of culture growth in which cell number increases logarithmically as doubling time remains constant |
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Definition
| the phase in plots of culture growth which ends when nutrients become scarce or when waste products become concentrated and inhibit growth |
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Definition
| the phase in plots of culture growth which occurs when nutrients are extremely scarce and/or waste products are very concentrated |
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Term
| late log growth, when nutrients are running out; process should be completed by log death phase |
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Definition
| the phase of culture growth in which cells that can make endospores would begin sporogenesis |
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Definition
| the phase of culture growth in which cells that can make antibiotics begin to make them |
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Definition
| the phase of culture growth in which antibiotic production is normally most robust |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of culture growth in which symptoms arise after a pathogen has entered a host; symptoms occur because the bacteria are releasing waste products that are toxic to the host or because the growing cells damage host tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism or species whose optimal growth rate is at elevated temperatures (between 45 and 70ºC) |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism or species whose optimal growth rate is at moderate temperatures (between 15 and 45ºC) |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism or species whose optimal growth rate is at low temperatures (below 15ºC) |
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Term
| strict aerobe (aka obligate aerobe) |
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Definition
| an organism that must have oxygen in order to survive and reproduce |
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Term
| strict anaerobe (aka obligate anaerobe) |
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Definition
| an organism that dies when exposed to oxygen: it survives and reproduces in environments lacking oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that grows well with or without oxygen |
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Definition
| an organism that does not use oxygen (and prefers environments with no or low oxygen) |
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Definition
| an organism that grows fastest in an environment with a low level of oxygen |
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Definition
| an anaerobe that is not harmed by oxygen |
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Definition
| an organism that requires comparatively high CO2 and (often) comparatively low O2 |
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Definition
| an organism that grows fastest in an environment that has a pH near 7 |
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Definition
| an organism that grows fastest in an environment that has a pH below 7 |
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Definition
| an organism that grows fastest in an environment that has a pH above 7 |
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Definition
| a process in which some compounds (reactants or substrates) are converted to new compounds (products) |
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Definition
| a process in which chemical bonds change |
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Definition
| the set of chemical & physical processes involved in the maintenance of life |
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Definition
| the energy-consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis |
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Definition
| the chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism; |
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Definition
| reactions in which molecules are broken down, releasing energy & subunits |
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Definition
| a series of cellular reactions in which a product of one reaction is a reactant in the next reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| something that speeds up the rate of a reaction but is not permanently changed by the reaction; most are enzymes; a few are ribozymes |
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Term
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Definition
| a reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological catalyst composed primarily of RNA |
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Definition
| a biological catalyst composed primarily of protein |
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Definition
| any nonprotein component (helper) of an enzyme |
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Definition
| an organic compound that works with an enzyme (often a vitamin) |
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Definition
| the addition of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the electron carriers most commonly used in catabolic reactions |
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Definition
| the partial oxidation of a nutrient using internal, organic compounds as the final electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon-based compounds that contain C-C and/or C-H bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| not all of the electrons that can be removed from the nutrient are removed (all the energy is not harvested) |
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Definition
| the complete oxidation of a nutrient using O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the completely oxidized form of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| the complete oxidation of a nutrient using an external final electron other than O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the bonding (adding) of a phosphate group to a molecule |
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Term
| common products of fermentative reactions |
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Definition
- acids
- alcohols
- gasses (i.e. CO2)
- neutral end product
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Term
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Definition
| electron carriers in the electron transport system |
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Term
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Definition
| the electron carrier that passes the electrons to O2 |
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Term
| Proton Motive Force (PMF) |
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Definition
| the energy of the transmembrane proton gradient (an electrochemical gradient similar to a battery) |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which protons are allowed to flow down an electrochemical gradient and the energy released as they flow down the gradient is used to drive an energy-requiring process, such as the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP |
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway that oxidizes fatty acids, producing NADH & acetyl-CoA |
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Definition
| an organism that gets energy from light |
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Definition
| an organism that gets energy from chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that gets carbon from organic sources, i.e., carbon-based compounds produced by other living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that gets carbon from inorganic sources, typically CO2 |
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