Term
| Basic Structure of Lymphatic System |
|
Definition
*One Way
*Collects Fluids from tissues and returns to blood
*Lymph Vessels
*Lymph Nodes |
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Term
| Basic Structure of Genitourinary System |
|
Definition
*Urinary Tract - Males and Females
*Female Genital Tract (Childhood to postmenopause)
*Female Genital Tract (Childbearing Years)
*Male Genital Tract |
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Term
| Basic Structure of Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
*Heart
-Coverings
-Body
*Atrium, *Ventricle, *Valves
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries |
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Term
| Defenses associated with the Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
*Lymphocytes - Specific Immunity
*Phagocytes - Both specific and non-specific immunity
*Few microbes can survive all defenses but a few can |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disorders having to do with the blood |
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Term
| Closed - Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System |
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Definition
*No access to the external environment
•No normal biota
•Microorganisms may be present in either system in the absence of disease
•In theory, no microorganisms can colonize either the cardiovascular or lymphatic systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relationship between bacteria and endothelial injury |
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Term
| Defenses of the Genitourinary System |
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Definition
*Flushing action of urine
*Shedding of Epithlial cells
*Acidity of urine
*Antibacterial proteins in urine
-Lysozyme, - Lactoferrin
* Secretory Antibodies |
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Term
| Normal Biota of Gastrointestinal Tract |
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Definition
Oral Cavity - Streptococcus, Veillonell, Moraxella, Bacterioides, Actinomyces, Treponema, Candida, Entamoeba, Eikenella, Haemophilus
*Upper GI - Sparsley Populated
*Lower GI - Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Escheria, Enterobacter, Candida, Entamoeba, Trichomonas hominis |
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Term
| Normal Biota of Lymphatic System |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Biota of Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal biota of Genitourinary Tract |
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Definition
Nonhemolytic - Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus ( Urinary Tract, Male and Female Genital Tract)
Lactobacillus but also Candida (childbearing years of female) |
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Term
|
Definition
*Populations, habitats and communities
*Complex Interactions and huge impacts
*Pure cultures almost never occur |
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Term
|
Definition
*Cannot be seen with a naked eye
*most single cell-Unicellular
*Some multi-cellular |
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Term
|
Definition
Foundation of all biological sciences
*Evolutionary Importance
*Essential Roles |
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Term
| Types of Microbiological studies |
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Definition
*Genetic Engineering
*Food Microbiology
*Biotechnology
*Public Health |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*All Cells
-Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus/Nucleoid
- Ribosomes
*Most Cells
- Cell Walls |
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Term
|
Definition
*Peptoglycan layer
*Cell Membrane
*Cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
*Outer Membrane
*Periplasmic Space
*Peptioglycan Layer
*Cell Membrane
*Cytoplasm |
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Term
| Key Chemical Components of Macromolecules |
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Definition
*Protein
*Nucleic Acid
*Lipids
*Carboydrates |
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Term
|
Definition
*Monimoer is Amino Acid
*Bond is Enzymes
*Function is Metabolic Reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
*Monomer is sugar
*Bond is Glycositic
*Function is energy |
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Term
|
Definition
*Monomer is Sugar, Nucleotides, Phosphate, Nitrogenous based
*Bond is Phosphodiester
*Function is expression of Genetic Traits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*Monomer is Fatty Acids - Glycerol
*Bond is Fat and Oil
*Function is cell storage |
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Term
|
Definition
*Metabolism
*Regeneration and Reproduction
*Differentiation (some)
*Communication
*Mobile
*Evolution |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nutrients being converted to energy and waste |
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Term
| Regeneration and Reproduction |
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Definition
| Repair and make copies of itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| Able to make something new of itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responding to the environment, chemical signals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Capable of self propulsion |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic |
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Definition
| Differ in size and cell structure. All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Anaerobic Phototrophic Bacteria |
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Definition
| Bacteria feeding on light but no oxygen being made |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2.8 to 3 billion years ago when earth started producing oxygen in the environment. Used to be called blue/green algea |
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Term
|
Definition
*First life forms on Earth
*The only inhabitants for over 80% of earth's history
*Anoxic atmosphere = Anaerobes |
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Term
| History of Microorganisms |
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Definition
| Anaerobic Phototrophs->Cyanobacteria->oxygen_.Multicellular organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1665 - Invents the Microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1684 - Sees bacteria for the first time "wee animalcules" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unchanged from 1665 to 1815 |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1864 - Refuses spontaneous generation. Developed Pasturization |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1867 - Develops Chemical Disinfectant to prevent infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1876 - Provides definitive proof that there is a link between a microbe and infections disease (Bacillus anthrasis) |
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Term
|
Definition
*No Organelles (Mitochondria)
*Nucleoid
*Plasmid Common
*Small
*Chromosones: One-Circular (or a few)
no Histones
Flagella, Fimbraie, Pili |
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Term
|
Definition
*Organelles
*NMucleus
*Plasmids Uncommon
*Bigger
*Chromosones: Many Linear Histones
People have 46-23 pairs |
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Term
| Three Domain System - Every living thing lives in one of these three domaines |
|
Definition
*Domain Bacteria
*Domain Archaea
*Domain Eukarya |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Archaea - Hot Springs - Deep Sea Vents |
|
Definition
Hyperthermophiles
Extreme Halopiles
Metharogens |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylogeny = Phylogenetic tree |
|
Definition
*Degree of relatedness between groups of living things
*Based on process of evolution
*Closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Eucaryotic cells arose when larger prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells that began to live and reproduce inside the prokaryotic cell rather than being destroyed |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Classifying living things |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified |
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Term
| Hierarchical Classification |
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Definition
| Dear King Phillip Came Over for Garlic Spaghitti |
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Term
| Hierarchical Classification |
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Definition
| Domain->Kingdom->Phylum->Class->Order->family->Genus->Species |
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Term
|
Definition
Prokaryote Cell -
*Polar - one tail
*Lophotrichous - Many tails
Peritrichous - Like a spider with legs all over
Motility |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
*Target of some antibiotics
-Penicilllin
-Lysozyme
----Breaks the glycosidic bonds between NAG and NAM by inserting a wather molecule
Natural Defense
Cell Lysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Made of RNA (rRNA) and protein
Characterized by S Units- Prokaryotic=70s |
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Term
|
Definition
*Escape Pod - resistant spore that forms withing the cytoplasm
*Dormant stage of bacterial life cycle
*Resistant spore that forms within (endo)the cytoplasm
*Extreme Longevity
*Withstand extremes
Ideal for dispersal via wind water animal gut
*Germinate Quickly
*Only present in some bacteria
*Spore formation=sporulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sporulating cell develops inside vegetative sell and then breaks off to begin mature spore |
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Term
|
Definition
*Molecular weight
*sedimentation rate
*non-Linear |
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Term
|
Definition
*Not Cells
*Not Alive
*Have Genome
*Cannot Replicate independently -Obligate intracellular parasites
*Extracellular form that allows transmission from host to host |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Infect only related cells
eg. Hepatitis to liver |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| match with complimentary proteins on hosts. |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA or RNA
-Single or double stranded(ssDNA,dsDNA,ssRNA,dsRNA)
-Circular or linear
-Singulae or multiple |
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Term
| General Features of Virus Replication |
|
Definition
*Attachment
*Entry
*Synthesis
*Assembly
*Release |
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Term
| Lytic Replication of Virus - t4-bacteriophage |
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Definition
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release |
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Term
| Lysogenic Replication - Lamda Phage |
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Definition
Attachment
Entry
Long Lysogenic phase
Synthesis
Assembly
Release |
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Term
| Replication of Animal Viruses |
|
Definition
Attachement
Entry - Direct, Membrane Fusion, endocytosis
Capsules removed via uncoating to release genome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used by bacteriophagesfor entry and release |
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Term
|
Definition
| For replication and transcription of viruses with RNA genomes |
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Term
|
Definition
Surface proteins used by some animal viruses for release-a protein associated with some viruses
Binds to host cells and allows virus to release. |
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Term
|
Definition
| absent in many but some contain enzymes critical to infection and multiplication |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reverse process -> HIV is a retrovirus as it carries reverse transcriptase |
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Term
|
Definition
Latent -No Signs or symptoms or viral activity
Provirus- become permanent part of the DNA of hosts WBC's |
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Term
|
Definition
| naked virions inject their genomes into host - eg.Poliovirus |
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Term
|
Definition
fusion of viral envelope and cell membrane dumps capsidinto the cell
•E.g. measles, mumps viruses, influenza |
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Term
|
Definition
cell engulfs entire virus (naked or enveloped)
•E.g., herpesviruses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process by which chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| all of the biochemical reactions in a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
* Carbon Source
- Organic Compounds = heterotroph
- Inorganic Compounds (C02)= autotroph
* Energy Source
- Light = phototroph
- chemical= chemotroph |
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Term
| Chemical + Organic Compounds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chemical + Inorganic Compounds |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Light + Organic Compounds |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Light + Inorganic Compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-Living envioronment
C02 |
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Term
|
Definition
Sunlight
C02
Photosynthetic organisms such as algae plants and cyanobacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
Simple Inorganic
C02
Only certain bacteria such as methanogens, deep sea vent bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
Other organisms or sunlight
Organic |
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Term
|
Definition
Sunlight
Organic
Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms
Organic
Fungi, bacteria (decomposers) |
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Term
|
Definition
Utilizing the tissues and fluids of a live host
Organic
Various Parasites and pathogens, can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Walled cell is a barrier
2)Enzymes are transported outside the wall to break down organic debris
3)Enzymes hydrolyze the bonds on nutrients
4)Smaller molecules are transported across the wall into the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell. Therefore rates of diffusion are equal in both directions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Net diffusion of water is into the cell, swelling the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the protoplast away from the cell wall, also known as plasmolysis |
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|
Term
| Osmotic Pressure on cells without cell wall |
|
Definition
Isotonic - equal diffusion
Hypotonic - diffusion of water into cell causes it to swell, and it may burst
Hypertonic - Water diffusing out of cel causes sell to shrink |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atoms or molecules move in a gradient from and area of highter density or concentration to an areal of lower density or concentration. Eg. Sugar cube in tea |
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Term
|
Definition
| Energy expended to transport the molecule across the cell membrane |
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Term
| Facilitate Diffusion - Passive |
|
Definition
Mediated transport of a bound substance across the concentration gradient
Lower concentration gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
Ultimate process in life of cell
Population vs size
Growth= increase in the number of cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell division (cell gets bigger, elongates, forms, septume divides, A sexual reproduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Time required for # of cells to double in population |
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Term
|
Definition
| # of cells doubles in a given period, unrestricted growth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical Growth Curve ( 4 Phases ) |
|
Definition
1)Lag - Btwn inoculation and growth
2)Exponential - Healthiest reproduction
3)Stationary - Population size levels
4)Death - Population size decreases |
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Term
|
Definition
Batch Culture
Coutler Counter
Flow Oxtemeter
Turbity Tests...... |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Optimum Growth 20-40 degrees C |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Optimum Growth - 45 degrees C |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Optimum Growth 80 degrees C |
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|
Term
| Prokaryotes vs Eukaryote growth optimums |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotes are able to grow at higher temps than Eukaryotes >65 degrees C |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acidophile - lower pH Most Microbes between 6&8
Alkaliphiles - Higher pH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Osmotic Pressure
- Function of moisture as well as concentration of solutes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a specific requirment for NaCI (3%) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Require high levels (15-30%) of NaCI |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Grow best in absence of added salts but can tolerate some |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires 02 - Aerobic respiration - live on skin or in dust |
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Term
|
Definition
| 02 not required but growth is better with 02 - Aerobic respiration, fermentation - live in large mammalian intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| 02 required but at levels lower than atmospheric - aerobic respiration - lives in lake wather |
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Term
|
Definition
| 02 not required and growth is unchanged w/02 present - Fermentation - Upper Respiratory Tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| Harmful or lethal with 02 - fermentation or anaerobic respiration - sewage sludge digestors, anoxic lake sediments |
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Term
|
Definition
1)every cell requires nutrients
2)every cell requires energy. light or breakdown (catabolism)
3)energy stored in ATP
4)Enzymes help cells catabolize nutrients to form building blocks
5)small building blocks, ATP, enzymes help cell construct larger building blocks in anabolic reactions
6)Cells use enzymes and ATP to link blocks together forming macromolecules
7)Cells grow by assembling macromolecules. Ribosomes, membranes, cell walls.
8)cells reproduce when the have doubled in size |
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Term
|
Definition
Reactions are coupled via ATP synthesis and Breakdown. Stores E released by catabolic reactions (ATP Synthesis)
Releases E to drive anabolic reactions (ATP Breakdown) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Releases Energy - Break down large molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
Require energy
Assembles large molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
Nutrient processing varies - may start with glucose
Most Pathways to break down glucose start with glycosis
Three major pathways |
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Term
|
Definition
| Series of reactions that convert glucose to C02. O2 is final electron acceptor, cell recovers sig. amounts of energy - ATP Produced =2-36 |
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Term
|
Definition
| When facultative and aerotolerant anaerobes use only glycolysis, incompletely breakdown glucose in the absence of oxygen -ATP Produced = 2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Carbon energy weel that transfers energy from Acetyl CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, CO2, some ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same pathways as aerobic respiration, 02 is not final electron acceptor. ATP PRoduced 2-36 |
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Term
| Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphoylation |
|
Definition
The final processing mill for electrons and hydrogen ions
Major Generator of ATP
NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to carriers that pass them along from one molecule to the next |
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Term
|
Definition
| the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell effciency...Occur during glycolysis and the kreb's cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
The sum total of genetic material of a cell
Mostly in chromosomal sites but can appear in non-chromosomal sites as well
In cells - exclusively DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packed DNA Molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
*DNA Molecule wound around histone
*Located in the nucleus
*Vary in number few>100's
*Can occur in pairs
*Linear |
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Term
|
Definition
*Condensed and secured by means of histone-like proteins
*Located in histone
*Usually single
*Circular |
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|
Term
Genes and Gene Expression
3 Stages |
|
Definition
Replication
Transcription
mRNA - Messenger encodes proteins
tRNA - Transfer part of protein synthesi
rRNA - Ribosomal part of protein synthes
Translation - Info in RNA is used to build proteins |
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|
Term
| Gene tranfer in Prokaryotes |
|
Definition
Vertical - organism to offspring
Horizontal - Donor to recipient |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Contributes to diversity
One bacterium donates DNA to another
Generally occurs between similar cells with homologous chromosomes |
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|
Term
| three methods of Genetic Exchange |
|
Definition
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Disinfection - most, inanimate surfaces
Antisepsis - Most, living surfaces
Decontamination - most, mechanical an inanimate surfaces
Sterilization - all, inanimate surfaces. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteristatic and Microbistatic - use of lower temperatures |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial chemotherapy |
|
Definition
administer a drug to an infected person, which will kill or inhibit microbial cells without harming the host's cells --> Selective Toxicity
Rather Difficult to achieve this goal |
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