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Microbiology 1st test
1st test
121
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
01/31/2012

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Term
Microbiology
Definition
the study of microscopic living organisms
--bacteria=free living, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, algae, viruses=sometimes considered to be on the border between life and non-life
Term
Protoza
Definition
unicellular, eukaryote, move by pseudopods, flagella, cilia, free-living or parasites,can produce sexually or asexually
mobile, animal-like, rearrange cytoplasm..surrounds and engulf it
Term
Characteristics of Algae
Definition
plant- like, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, needs light, water and CO2 for growth, asexual and sexual reproduction
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
small...don't have membrane bound organelles, lack of nuclear membrane..no nucleus, coupled transcription and translation bc the nucleus is not separated from the cytoplasm, usually have a single circular chromosome...DNA organized in a region called nucleoid...1 copy of each gene..extrachromosomal segments of circular DNA called plasmids
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
much larger, 10-100x larger, cells have a distinct nucleus containing their DNA, more complex internal structures, have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, carry out transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm, have multiple linear chromosomes
Term
Negative effects of micoorganisms
Definition
food spoilage, disease-causing (pathogenic)
Term
Pathogen/Pathogenic
Definition
a disease causing organism
Term
Positive Effects
Definition
normal microbiota flora, basis of the food chain in marine and freshwater environment, oxygen generating (photosynthesis), recycling chemical elements in the soil, water and air (carbon dioxide decompossion), breaks down wastes in soil, food processing ( wine, bread, yogurt), synthesis of vitamins in the intestines
--yogurt--lactobasils
Term
Characteristics of bacteria
Definition
single celled organisms
--shapes include
--rod- basilus
--coccus- round and spiral
lack of nuclear membrane
reproduce by binary fission
cell walls composed of peptidoglycan (PCN causes death)
classified as prokaryotes
Term
Characteristics of Archaea
Definition
prokaryote, have cell walls not composed of peptidoglycan...found in extreme environment..
--methanogens- produce methane
--extreme halophiles- live in high salt environment (such as dead sea)..salt loving
--extreme thermophiles- live at extremely high temperatures (such as hot springs)...heat loving
Term
Yeast
Definition
unicellular fungi
single cell form, small bud- larger and break off
---thrush..immunocompromised pts..babies, elderly
Term
Mold
Definition
multicellular fungi, water helps mold stay moist
Term
Characteristics of Fungi
Definition
eukaryote, maybe be unicellular or multicellular, cells walls mostly composed of chitin, can reproduce sexually or asexually, contain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment
Term
Protoza- paramecia
Definition
cilia, movement..hair-like
Term
Peranema
Definition
flagella, movement..long tail
Term
Characteristics of Viruses
Definition
not cellular(aceullular), core made of one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), core encased in a protein coat (capsid), coat sometimes enclosed in a lipid membrane called an envelope, can only reproduce by using the cellular machinery of living organisms
Term
Characteristics of Living Viruses
Definition
reproduce at a fantastic rate, mutate, made up of same macromolecules (DNA or RNA), people constantly talk about killing viruses..but how can you kill something that is not alive
Term
Characteristics of Non-Living Viruses
Definition
acellular, contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles, dont grow and divide, instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell, either possess DNA or RNA, but not both
Term
Naming and Classifying microorganisms
Definition
two names, genus and species..
underline it if you write it out
Eschericia Coli
--Eschericia=Genus
--Coli=Species
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
crude microscope, looked at cross-section of a cork, discovered and named cells
Term
Van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
first to observe bacteria through the lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed...was previously a janitor
Term
Spontaneous generation
Definition
the belief that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter...dead meat, maggots form
Term
Biogensis
Definition
that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
Term
John Needham
Definition
boiled nutrient broth before pouring it into covered containers...found it was full of microorganisms (thought he had shown spontaneous generation)
Term
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Definition
showed that nutrient broth heated after being sealed in the flasks did not develop microbial growth
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
heated long neck flasks, with neck bent into S-shape..no growth, no signs of life
--formed basis of aseptic technique
as well as fermentation and pasteurization
--Rabies, cholera vaccines
Term
Fermentation
Definition
process by which sugars are converted to alcohol in the absence of air
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
process of mild heating just enough to kill spoilage causing bacteria and pathogens...milk
Term
Germ theory of disease
Definition
microorganisms cause disease
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
aseptic surgery
---aseptic technique- prevention of microorganisms
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
first evidence that bacteria cause disease
Term
Developed Koch's Postulates
Definition
methodology for providing cause of disease
--same pathogen is present in every infected organism, pathogen must be isolated from host and be grown in culture, pathogen from culture must infect healthy organism, pathogen must be re-isolated from inoculated organism and shown to be the same as the original organism
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
smallpox vaccination, used scrapings from cows (cowpox) to generate immunity in humans
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
salvarsan, treat syphillis, first synthetic drug..(chemo-tx of disease with chemical substances)
Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition
penicillin, antibiotic, not marketed as drug until 1941
Term
6 classes of microorganisms
Definition
bacteria, algae, viruses, archaea, fungi, protozoa
Term
Microorganism that uses photosynthesis
Definition
algae
Term
Prokaryotic organisms
Definition
bacteria, archaea
Term
scientist that disproved spontaneous generation
Definition
Pasteur
Term
one characteristic of a virus that is similar to living organisms
Definition
reproduces, mutate
Term
one characteristic of a virus that is similar to non-living things
Definition
acellular, DNA or RNA
Term
Cell structure and evolutionary history
Definition
-all cells have a permable cytoplasmic membrane that seperates the cytoplasm from the outside
-all cells have ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis or translation)
-cell wall is located outside of the cytoplasmic membrane and gives the cell structural strength
--animals and protozoa DO NOT
Term
genome
Definition
the complete complement of their DNA
Term
gene
Definition
is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule
Term
plasmids
Definition
usually contain genes that confer special properties to the bacterium such as antibiotic resistance
--these genes are not essential to survival in all conditions
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
46
Term
chromosomal pairs
Definition
23
Term
3 sources, where cellular energy can be obtained
Definition
organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, light
Term
chemotroph
Definition
organisms that obtain energy from chemicals
Term
chemoorganotrophs
Definition
those that use organic chemcials..are heterotrophs
Term
stored energy
Definition
ATP
Term
Aerobes
Definition
organisms that generate energy in the presence of oxygen
Term
Anaerobes
Definition
organisms that generate energy in the absence of oxygen
Term
Chemolithotrophs
Definition
use the energy found in inorganic compounds (H2 or H2S)
Term
Phototrophs
Definition
synthesize ATP from the energy of sunlight
Term
Carbon
Definition
all organisms require CARBON as a major nutrient
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
organisms that get their carbon from an organic source
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
organims that get their carbon from CO2
Term
Extremophiles
Definition
microorganisms that inhabit extreme environments
Term
Most of the known prokaryotes reside in the domain...
Definition
bacteria
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
E. Coli, Pseudomona, Salmonella, Rickettsia
Term
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Definition
Bacillus, Clostridium, Streptomyces
Term
Cyanobacteria (phototrophs)
Definition
the first oxygen synthesizing organisms, prepared the atmosphere for aerobes
Term
Planctomyces
Definition
characterized by cells with a stalk
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
cause diseases like syphilis and lyme disease
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
obligate intracellular parasites that cause respiratory and sexually transmitted infections
Term
Green sulfur bacteria and green nonsulfur bacteria
Definition
both are photosynthetic autotrophs but occupy distinct groups
Term
Aquifex and Thermotoga
Definition
organisms that grow at very high temperatures (hyperthermophile), these organisms branched off the phylogenetic tree early and are probably the most closely related to ancient bacteria
Term
Eukaryotic Microbes
Definition
Alga, Fungus, Protozoan
Term
lichen
Definition
is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga
Term
Singular
Definition
Rod shaped bacillus
Term
Bacilli
Definition
plural, refers to the shape of the bacteria, specific genus when it is written and italicized and capitalized
Term
Spiral
Definition
vibrios, spirillum, spirochete
Term
Vibrio
Definition
curved rod
Term
Spirillium
Definition
are shaped like a corkscrew and have rigid bodies and use flagella for locomotion
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
are helical and flexible and use axial filaments to move
Term
Monomorphic
Definition
most bacteria are this..they maintain the same shape
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
some bacteria are this...they can alter their shape
ex.- rhizobium and corynebacterium
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
made inside the cell and secreted on the surface
Term
Capsule
Definition
-a well organized firmly attached glycocalyx
-the capsule increases pathogenicity by helping microorganisms avoid phagocytosis and by helping cells attach to surfaces
Term
Slime layer
Definition
a poorly attached, unorganized glycocalyx
Term
Atrichous
Definition
bacteria that lack flagella
Term
Monotrichous
Definition
bacteria with one flagellum
Term
Lophotrichous
Definition
a tuft of flagella at one or both ends
Term
Amphitrichous
Definition
a single flagellum at each end
Term
Some prokaryotic cells
Definition
have flagella
Term
Tumble
Definition
rotates clockwise
Term
Run
Definition
rotates counter clockwise
Term
Taxis
Definition
when bacteria move toward or away from a substance
Term
Chemical
Definition
Chemotaxis
Term
Light
Definition
Phototaxis
Term
Oxygen
Definition
Aerotaxis
Term
High ionic Strength
Definition
Osmotaxis
Term
Microorganism
Definition
in addition to flagella, they also have fimbriae, and pili
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
enable cells to adhere to surfaces
Term
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Definition
the causative agent of gonorrhea produces fimbriae that help the microbe to colonize mucous membranes
Term
Pili
Definition
usually longer than fimbriae and number only one to two per cell, pili join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another in a process call conjugation
Term
Conjugation
Definition
travel plasma from one cell to another
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, contain 80% water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and inorganic compounds
Term
Inclusions
Definition
major structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes is nuclear area, ribosomes, and reserve deposits
Term
Nuclear area or nucleoid
Definition
contains a single long continuous and frequently circular thread of double stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome
Term
Chromosome
Definition
this is the cells genetic information, which carries all the information required for the cell's structure and functions
Term
Plasmids
Definition
cells often carry small circular double stranded DNA molecules
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain this..sites of protein synthesis, consist of two subunits both of which consist of protein and a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
several antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis on prokayotic ribosomes
Term
Streptomycin and Gentamicin
Definition
attach to the 30S subunit and inhibit protein synthesis
Term
Eurythromycin and Chloramphenicol
Definition
interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to the 50S subunit
Term
Eukaryotic Ribosome
Definition
since eukaryotic and prokayotic ribosomes differ in size, RNA and protein content antibiotics do not affect this...
Term
Metachromatic Granules
Definition
contain volutin or a reserve of inorganic phosphate
---characteristic of corynebaterium diphtheriae and the causative agent of diphtheria
Term
Polysaccharide granules
Definition
polysaccharide inclusions
Term
Gas vesicles
Definition
produced by cyanobacteria
Term
lipid inclusions
Definition
fat storage material..poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid
Term
Sulfur granules
Definition
produced by genera, such as Thiobacillus
Term
Magnetosomes
Definition
particles of magnetite, produced by magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
Term
Endospores
Definition
are formed in certrain genera of gram positive bacteria such as clostridium and bacillus
Term
some members of clostridium cause...
Definition
gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism and food poisoning
Term
some members of genus bacillus cause...
Definition
anthrax and food poisoning
Term
Endospores
Definition
form during low nutrient conditions, they are resistant to heating, freezing, desiccation, chemicals and radiation
Term
Mycobacterium
Definition
acid fast bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, THIS has a waxy cell wall which contains mycolic acids, the cell wall resists staining, so heat must be used to drive the stain into the waxy cell wall
Term
Gram Negative Cell Wall
Definition
has an outer and an inner (plasma) membrane, does not contain lipoteichoic acid, has a thin peptidoglycan layer, contains periplasmic space, destain with alcohol and counterstain (pink) with safranin, LPS
Term
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Definition
has only a single plasma membrane, contains lipoteichoic acid, thick peptidoglycan layer, does not contain periplasmic space, retain crystal violet stain and stain dark purple
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