Term
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Definition
the study of microscopic living organisms
--bacteria=free living, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, algae, viruses=sometimes considered to be on the border between life and non-life |
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Definition
unicellular, eukaryote, move by pseudopods, flagella, cilia, free-living or parasites,can produce sexually or asexually
mobile, animal-like, rearrange cytoplasm..surrounds and engulf it |
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Definition
| plant- like, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, needs light, water and CO2 for growth, asexual and sexual reproduction |
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Definition
| small...don't have membrane bound organelles, lack of nuclear membrane..no nucleus, coupled transcription and translation bc the nucleus is not separated from the cytoplasm, usually have a single circular chromosome...DNA organized in a region called nucleoid...1 copy of each gene..extrachromosomal segments of circular DNA called plasmids |
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Definition
| much larger, 10-100x larger, cells have a distinct nucleus containing their DNA, more complex internal structures, have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, carry out transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm, have multiple linear chromosomes |
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| Negative effects of micoorganisms |
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Definition
| food spoilage, disease-causing (pathogenic) |
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| a disease causing organism |
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Definition
normal microbiota flora, basis of the food chain in marine and freshwater environment, oxygen generating (photosynthesis), recycling chemical elements in the soil, water and air (carbon dioxide decompossion), breaks down wastes in soil, food processing ( wine, bread, yogurt), synthesis of vitamins in the intestines
--yogurt--lactobasils |
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| Characteristics of bacteria |
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Definition
single celled organisms
--shapes include
--rod- basilus
--coccus- round and spiral
lack of nuclear membrane
reproduce by binary fission
cell walls composed of peptidoglycan (PCN causes death)
classified as prokaryotes |
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| Characteristics of Archaea |
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Definition
prokaryote, have cell walls not composed of peptidoglycan...found in extreme environment..
--methanogens- produce methane
--extreme halophiles- live in high salt environment (such as dead sea)..salt loving
--extreme thermophiles- live at extremely high temperatures (such as hot springs)...heat loving |
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Definition
unicellular fungi
single cell form, small bud- larger and break off
---thrush..immunocompromised pts..babies, elderly |
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| multicellular fungi, water helps mold stay moist |
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| eukaryote, maybe be unicellular or multicellular, cells walls mostly composed of chitin, can reproduce sexually or asexually, contain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment |
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Definition
| cilia, movement..hair-like |
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| flagella, movement..long tail |
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| Characteristics of Viruses |
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Definition
| not cellular(aceullular), core made of one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), core encased in a protein coat (capsid), coat sometimes enclosed in a lipid membrane called an envelope, can only reproduce by using the cellular machinery of living organisms |
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| Characteristics of Living Viruses |
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Definition
| reproduce at a fantastic rate, mutate, made up of same macromolecules (DNA or RNA), people constantly talk about killing viruses..but how can you kill something that is not alive |
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| Characteristics of Non-Living Viruses |
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Definition
| acellular, contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles, dont grow and divide, instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell, either possess DNA or RNA, but not both |
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| Naming and Classifying microorganisms |
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Definition
two names, genus and species..
underline it if you write it out
Eschericia Coli
--Eschericia=Genus
--Coli=Species |
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Term
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Definition
| crude microscope, looked at cross-section of a cork, discovered and named cells |
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| first to observe bacteria through the lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed...was previously a janitor |
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| the belief that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter...dead meat, maggots form |
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| that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells |
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| boiled nutrient broth before pouring it into covered containers...found it was full of microorganisms (thought he had shown spontaneous generation) |
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| showed that nutrient broth heated after being sealed in the flasks did not develop microbial growth |
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heated long neck flasks, with neck bent into S-shape..no growth, no signs of life
--formed basis of aseptic technique
as well as fermentation and pasteurization
--Rabies, cholera vaccines |
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Definition
| process by which sugars are converted to alcohol in the absence of air |
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| process of mild heating just enough to kill spoilage causing bacteria and pathogens...milk |
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| microorganisms cause disease |
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aseptic surgery
---aseptic technique- prevention of microorganisms |
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| first evidence that bacteria cause disease |
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| Developed Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
methodology for providing cause of disease
--same pathogen is present in every infected organism, pathogen must be isolated from host and be grown in culture, pathogen from culture must infect healthy organism, pathogen must be re-isolated from inoculated organism and shown to be the same as the original organism |
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Definition
| smallpox vaccination, used scrapings from cows (cowpox) to generate immunity in humans |
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Definition
| salvarsan, treat syphillis, first synthetic drug..(chemo-tx of disease with chemical substances) |
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| penicillin, antibiotic, not marketed as drug until 1941 |
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Term
| 6 classes of microorganisms |
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Definition
| bacteria, algae, viruses, archaea, fungi, protozoa |
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| Microorganism that uses photosynthesis |
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| scientist that disproved spontaneous generation |
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| one characteristic of a virus that is similar to living organisms |
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Definition
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| one characteristic of a virus that is similar to non-living things |
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| Cell structure and evolutionary history |
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Definition
-all cells have a permable cytoplasmic membrane that seperates the cytoplasm from the outside
-all cells have ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis or translation)
-cell wall is located outside of the cytoplasmic membrane and gives the cell structural strength
--animals and protozoa DO NOT |
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Definition
| the complete complement of their DNA |
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| is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule |
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usually contain genes that confer special properties to the bacterium such as antibiotic resistance
--these genes are not essential to survival in all conditions |
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| 3 sources, where cellular energy can be obtained |
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Definition
| organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, light |
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| organisms that obtain energy from chemicals |
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| those that use organic chemcials..are heterotrophs |
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| organisms that generate energy in the presence of oxygen |
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| organisms that generate energy in the absence of oxygen |
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| use the energy found in inorganic compounds (H2 or H2S) |
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| synthesize ATP from the energy of sunlight |
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| all organisms require CARBON as a major nutrient |
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| organisms that get their carbon from an organic source |
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| organims that get their carbon from CO2 |
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| microorganisms that inhabit extreme environments |
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| Most of the known prokaryotes reside in the domain... |
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Definition
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Definition
| E. Coli, Pseudomona, Salmonella, Rickettsia |
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Definition
| Bacillus, Clostridium, Streptomyces |
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| Cyanobacteria (phototrophs) |
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Definition
| the first oxygen synthesizing organisms, prepared the atmosphere for aerobes |
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| characterized by cells with a stalk |
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| cause diseases like syphilis and lyme disease |
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| obligate intracellular parasites that cause respiratory and sexually transmitted infections |
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| Green sulfur bacteria and green nonsulfur bacteria |
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Definition
| both are photosynthetic autotrophs but occupy distinct groups |
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| organisms that grow at very high temperatures (hyperthermophile), these organisms branched off the phylogenetic tree early and are probably the most closely related to ancient bacteria |
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| is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga |
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| plural, refers to the shape of the bacteria, specific genus when it is written and italicized and capitalized |
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Definition
| vibrios, spirillum, spirochete |
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| are shaped like a corkscrew and have rigid bodies and use flagella for locomotion |
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| are helical and flexible and use axial filaments to move |
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Definition
| most bacteria are this..they maintain the same shape |
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some bacteria are this...they can alter their shape
ex.- rhizobium and corynebacterium |
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| made inside the cell and secreted on the surface |
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-a well organized firmly attached glycocalyx
-the capsule increases pathogenicity by helping microorganisms avoid phagocytosis and by helping cells attach to surfaces |
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Definition
| a poorly attached, unorganized glycocalyx |
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Definition
| bacteria that lack flagella |
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| bacteria with one flagellum |
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| a tuft of flagella at one or both ends |
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Definition
| a single flagellum at each end |
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| rotates counter clockwise |
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| when bacteria move toward or away from a substance |
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| in addition to flagella, they also have fimbriae, and pili |
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Definition
| enable cells to adhere to surfaces |
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Definition
| the causative agent of gonorrhea produces fimbriae that help the microbe to colonize mucous membranes |
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Definition
| usually longer than fimbriae and number only one to two per cell, pili join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA from one cell to another in a process call conjugation |
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Definition
| travel plasma from one cell to another |
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Definition
| substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane, contain 80% water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and inorganic compounds |
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Definition
| major structures in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes is nuclear area, ribosomes, and reserve deposits |
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Definition
| contains a single long continuous and frequently circular thread of double stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome |
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Definition
| this is the cells genetic information, which carries all the information required for the cell's structure and functions |
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Definition
| cells often carry small circular double stranded DNA molecules |
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Definition
| all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain this..sites of protein synthesis, consist of two subunits both of which consist of protein and a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Definition
| several antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis on prokayotic ribosomes |
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| Streptomycin and Gentamicin |
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Definition
| attach to the 30S subunit and inhibit protein synthesis |
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Term
| Eurythromycin and Chloramphenicol |
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Definition
| interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to the 50S subunit |
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Definition
| since eukaryotic and prokayotic ribosomes differ in size, RNA and protein content antibiotics do not affect this... |
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Definition
contain volutin or a reserve of inorganic phosphate
---characteristic of corynebaterium diphtheriae and the causative agent of diphtheria |
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Definition
| polysaccharide inclusions |
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| produced by cyanobacteria |
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| fat storage material..poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid |
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| produced by genera, such as Thiobacillus |
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| particles of magnetite, produced by magnetospirillum magnetotacticum |
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| are formed in certrain genera of gram positive bacteria such as clostridium and bacillus |
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| some members of clostridium cause... |
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Definition
| gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism and food poisoning |
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| some members of genus bacillus cause... |
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Definition
| anthrax and food poisoning |
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Definition
| form during low nutrient conditions, they are resistant to heating, freezing, desiccation, chemicals and radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| acid fast bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, THIS has a waxy cell wall which contains mycolic acids, the cell wall resists staining, so heat must be used to drive the stain into the waxy cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| has an outer and an inner (plasma) membrane, does not contain lipoteichoic acid, has a thin peptidoglycan layer, contains periplasmic space, destain with alcohol and counterstain (pink) with safranin, LPS |
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Definition
| has only a single plasma membrane, contains lipoteichoic acid, thick peptidoglycan layer, does not contain periplasmic space, retain crystal violet stain and stain dark purple |
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