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Microbiology 101 Exam 1
definitions and important facts
36
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
06/25/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anton von Leeewnhoek
Definition

  • 1684
  • improved on the microscope

Term
Robert Koch
Definition

  • 1877
  • developed many microscope techniques
  • aseptic technique
  • Koch's postulate
  • isolated, grew, and stained microbes
  • developed media (petri plate)

Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition

  • 1859
  • Air is full of microorganisms
  • created pasteurization

Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition

  • 1929
  • penicillin

Term
Joseph Lister
Definition

  • 1867
  • antiseptic surgery
  • isolated Lacto bacteria for milk

Term
Explain why infectious disease had a greater impact on western societies and the science of Microbiology in the early 1900s, as compared with today
Definition

  • discoveries of antibiotics and vaccines lead to curing infectious diseases
  • more popular use of microscopes allowed for more discoveries and understanding of how disease is spread

Term
Biotechnology
Definition
The use of organisms, typically genetically altered, in industrial, medical, or agricultural applications
Term
Howard Temin
Definition
1 gene = 1 protein
Term
Kary Mullis
Definition
Heat stable enzyme--Polymerase chain reaction
Term
Gilbert and Sanger
Definition
DNA sequencing
Term
Why are microorganisms such good models of biological systems?
Definition
simplest forms, easy to understand
Term
4 major classes of biomolecules
Definition

  1. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
  2. Proteins
  3. Fats-Lipids
  4. Sugars-Carbohydrates

Term

Nucleic Acids

(DNA and RNA)

-Function

Definition

DNA: stores genetic information

RNA: converts genetic information to proteins and has structural roles

Term

Proteins

-function

Definition

enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

structural role in cells

Term

Fats-Lipids

-Function

Definition
Structural role in cell and storage of energy
Term
Sugars-Carbohydrates
Definition
Structural role in cell and central role in metabolism
Term
DNA
Definition

  • Structure: bases (Adenine, Guanin, Cytosine, Thymine), phosphate, backbone
    • bases-ring shaped structure
    • Nucleoside-base + sugar
    • Nucleotide-Nucleoside + phostphate

Term
Nucleoside
Definition

sugar backbone is RIBOSE (RNA)

 

Deoxy = no oxygen

*There is no oxygen at position 2 so RNA ism ore stable than DNA

Term
Base Pairing
Definition

  • A & T (or U) have 2 Hydrogen Bonds
  • G & C have 3 Hydrogen Bonds (Stronger)

Term
Polymers containing Nucleotides
Definition

  • hydrogen bonds between the bases
  • strands are anti-parallel

Term
DNA structure
Definition

  • forms long strands
  • 2 strands bind to one another via bases, strands are anti-parallel
  • Base sequence = DNA sequence
  • alpha helix (major & minor grooves--compact)

Term
RNA
Definition

  • converts genetic info of DNA to protein
  • has structural and catalytic roles
  • usually single stranded
  • believed to be the first biological molecule

Term
RNA types and functions
Definition

  • Messenger RNA--copy of DNA code
    • single stranded
  • Ribosomal RNA--makes up part of ribosomes
    • catalyze reactions
  • Transfer RNA--brings amino acids into growing protein

Term
3 main differences between DNA and RNA and why are they important?
Definition

  1. DNA is a double helix, RNA is single stranded
    1. redundant, protects genetic info
  2. DNA is only structural, RNA is also a catalyst
  3. RNA is less stable because it is a catalyst, DNA is more stable
    1. holds our genetic info...good!

Term
Protein (amino acids)
Definition

 

  • made of amino acids (there are 20 naturally)
    • made of amino group (NH3) and carboxylic acid (COOH)
    • structure of amino acid affects function

 

Term
polar vs. non-polar
Definition
water soluble vs. water repelling
Term
proteins (structure)
Definition

  • primary--linear sequence
  • secondary--twisting and coiling
    • interactions amoung amino acids
  • tertiary--folds back to form stable structures
    • 3-D structure (beta pleated w/ alpha helix)
  • quaternary--active conformation

Term
proteins (functions)
Definition

  • structural role is cells (flagella, cell wall)
  • enzymes
    • biological catalyst
      • speed up reactions by bringing chemical reactions closer together and aligning reactants

Term

Fats(lipids)

-structure

Definition

  • simple: fatty acids plus triglyceride
  • complex: can have other elements (P and N)
  • has polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) parts

Term
Fats/lipids (function)
Definition

  • structural (bilayer in membranes)
  • energy storage

Term
Sugars/Carbs
Definition

  • organic compounds that have C, H, O in equal parts
  • simple sugars form polysaccharides and glycosidic bonds

Term
sugars/carbs (function)
Definition

  • structural role (cell membrane and surface)
  • metabolism
    • breakdown for energy
    • stored for future use

Term
sugar polymers
Definition

we can only digest alpha-linkage, other animals can digest beta though

 

different links =different functions and uses

Term
types of bonds
Definition

  • Covalent (strong): share electrons--evenly (non-polar) or unevenly (polar)
  • Ionic (weak): create ions when broken
  • Hydrogen (weak): strong if abundant

Term
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Definition

 

  • prokaryotes: no nucleus/organelles
  • eukaryotes: membrane enclosed nucleus and organelle

 

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