Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of dead matter and waste into simple compounds |
|
|
Term
| Koch's postulate, steps, what does it establish |
|
Definition
-a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused
-steps
1. find evidence of a particular microbe
2.isolate the microbe from infected subject and cultivate it
3.innoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the lab. isolate and observe the same result
4.re-isolate the agent from the subject |
|
|
Term
| Basic charactaristics of prokaryotes |
|
Definition
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| Basic charactaristics of eukaryotes |
|
Definition
-true nucleus
-complex organelles |
|
|
Term
| Basic charactaristics of fungi |
|
Definition
-eukaryotes
-molds
-yeasts
-large mushrooms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-disproved spontaneous generation
-rabies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-germ theory
-developed pure culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aseptic technique
-medical settings
-heat sterilization |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-first vaccination
-cowpox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -first to observe living microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
| doctor who showed that women were becoming infected by physicians who were coming from the autopsy room |
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|
Term
| How scientific names are written? |
|
Definition
Genus: first and capitalized
Species: second, not capitalized
-both in italics or underlined |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when atoms are not shared equally, they are pulled to one side or the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dissolving medium for solutes
-example: water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
graduated numerical scale that ranges from 0 to 14 (acidic to basic)
-a solution is basic when a component releases excess hydroxide ionsand is more acidic when it releases more hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-repeating subunits in a process
-polymerization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance of only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded without losing chemical charactaristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-triglycerides
-phospholipid
-waxes
-steroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-polypeptides
-amino acids
-enzymes
-antibodies
-cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high energy compound that gives off energy to power reactions in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to show detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to make objects appear enlarged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending or change in the angle of light ray as it psses through a medium (lens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
objective lens times the power of ocular lens
-example: 100x X 10x =1000x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best for observing live, unstained specimens; specimen is bright, field is black; provides outline of specimen with reduced internal cellular detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common multipurpose microscope for live and preserved stained specimens; specimen is dark, field is white; provides fair cellular detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for live specimens; specimen is contrasted against gray background; excellent for internal cellular detail |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| specimen stained with fluorescent dyes, specificity makes an exellent diagnostic tool |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| forms image with beam of electrons, travel in wavelike patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one dye, used to see shapes and arrangement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnostic staining technique for bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term referring to the property of mycobacteria carbol fuchsin even in the presence of acid alcohol. the staining procedure is used to diagnose tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dye does not stick to specimen dries around it to form silhouette, cells do not shrink, not heat fixed |
|
|
Term
| components of bacterial cells |
|
Definition
| appendages, glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer,cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid, actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one layer, peptidoglycan, thicker, more penetrable, no membrane, narrow periplasmic space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 layers, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), porin proteins, thinner, outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial intracellular toxin in gram - wall, can cause shock and fever, not normally released |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a toxin, usually protein, secreted and acts on a specific cellular target
-botulin, diptheria toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not essential DNA, but often confer protective traits (ex: resisting drugs) tiny strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where proteins are collected, packaged to transport to final destination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of tunnels used in transport, synthesis and storage of modified proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a differentiated, specialized cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival in times of adverse conditions, and/or for reproduction. are usually unicellular and may develop into gametes or vegetative organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can take either yeast or hyphae form |
|
|
Term
-intestinal pathogen; contaminated food and water
-Giardiasis
-Beaver fever |
|
Definition
| mode of transmission and disease caused by Giardia |
|
|
Term
lungs, fungal infection, dimorphic, inhale spores
-Ohio valley fever |
|
Definition
Mode of transmission and disease
Histoplasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mode of transmission and disease
Trichomonas |
|
|
Term
-protozoan parasite
-malaria |
|
Definition
mode of transmission and disease
Plasmodium |
|
|
Term
-yeast used in making bread and beer
-antibodies |
|
Definition
mode of transmission and disease
Sacchoromyces |
|
|
Term
| characteristics and reproductive modes of helminths |
|
Definition
-well developed sex organs: sperm and eggs
-proglottids, scolex, digestion, larval periods for eggs |
|
|
Term
| components and main characteristics of viruses |
|
Definition
| protein capsid surrounded nucleic acid core, outer layer made of protein subunits capsomers |
|
|
Term
1. adsoption
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. synthesis replication and protein production
5. assembly
6. release |
|
Definition
| sequence events in viral replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly animal viruses, acquired when virus leaves host cell, exposed to proteins on outside of envelope spikes. They are essential for the attachment of a virus to a host cell. it protectt the nucleic acid, assists in the penetration of viral DNA or RNA into host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule; plant pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a concocted word to denote "proteinaceous infectious agent"; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism must obtain its carbon in an organic form; nutritionally dependent on others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain energy from chemical compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of water; passive transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive transport, utilizes a carrier protein in the membrane that binds to a specific substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of small nonpolar molecuels such as oxygen or lipid solubles that readily pass through membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bringing in molecules against a gradient, permease and pumps. uses ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can grow in high salt environments; hypertonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grown at intermediate temperatures 20-40 C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not obligate; can grow in the presence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grows at cold temperatures, below 15 C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grows at higher carbon dioxide tensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grows at high temperatures, about 45 C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commensal member benefits other member neither harmed nor benefited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| utilizes the tissues, fluids of a live host; harms host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obligatory dependent and both members benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time required for a complete fission cycle from partent to two daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme regulation of metabolism by the end product of a multi-enzyme system that blocks the action of a "pacemaker" enzyme at or near the substrate for the active site |
|
|
Term
-anaerobic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvic acid
-begining molecule-glucose
-molecules generated: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-transition step: turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and release 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
-Kreb's cycle: 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP |
|
Definition
| Transition step and Kreb's cycle |
|
|
Term
| 36 ATP: oxygen accepts the electrons, picks up H+ ions and make 6 H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of DNA molecule |
|
Definition
-double helix nucleotides (phosphate, dexoyribose sugar and nitrogen base)
-antiparallel arrangement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncoiling, unzipping H-bonds, synthesizing 2 new strands. DNA unwound by RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis; the process of decoding the mRNA code into a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| differences between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
-DNA: a polymer of nucleotides that occurs as a double stranded helix with it bonding in pairs between the helices
-DNA contains A C G and T
-sugar is deoxyribose
-RNA: sugar is ribose
-nucleotides A G C and U |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attachment of 2 related species, direct formation (sex pili) of a bridge that transports DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-entails the transfer of naked DNA, and requires no vehicle
-indirect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-DNA transfer mediated through the action of a bacterial virus
-indirect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an impurity, undesirable material of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endopores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process that destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiseptics are applied directly to exposed body surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radiation ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causes ions to form |
|
|
Term
| how can sterilization be achieved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first sulfa drug
-true begining of broad scale usage of drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -industrial production of penicillin in war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered the structure of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action gentamicin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action vancomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action penicillins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action erythromycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action trimethoprim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of action chloramphenicol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-isoniazid
-rifampin
-ethambutol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-macrolides
-amphotericin B
-azoles |
|
|
Term
| why is drug sensitivity testing done? |
|
Definition
| provides data for drug selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short, numerous surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adherent, extracellular, made of slime or other sticky substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme, produced by pathogenic staphylococcus, causes clotting of blood or plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that are toxic to WBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial endotoxin that dirupts cell membrane on RBC-hemolyze |
|
|
Term
-incubation: from initial contact to 1st symptom; agent is multiplying
-prodromal stage: earliest notable symptoms, appear as vague discomfort (1-2 days)
-period of invasio: multiplies at high levels, exhiits its greatest toxicity and becomes established in its target tissue (fever and prominent signs)
-convalescent period: patients strenth and health gradually return, healing nature of immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antoher infection after initial infection, caused by a different microbe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes on rapidy, with severe but short lived effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormality associated with cerain infectous diseases, caused by toxins or other noxious substances released by microorganisms circulating in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an objective assessment of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective assessment perceived by the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, paint a portrait of the disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden and simultaneously outbreak or increase in the number of cases in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| description of a disease that exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any process or disease that persists over a long duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-an animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another
-biological: actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle
-mechanical: not necssarily to the life cycle of an infectous agent and merely transports it without being infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virtually any inanmate object an infected individual has contact with that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary habitat of a pathogen in the natural world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the person or item from which an infection is immediately acquired |
|
|
Term
| components of the 1st line of defense |
|
Definition
-physical barriers: skin, tears, coughing and sneezing
-chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes
-genetic barriers: resistant inherent in genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytes; active engulfers and killers of bacteria; pH neutral, lavender granules, multi-lobed nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to large eukaryotic pathogens and recruit other leukocytes; pH basic, dark blue granules, horseshoe nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of large eukaryotic pathogens such as worms and fungi; pH acidic, red granules, bi-lobed nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytosis; followed by final differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells; largest WBC, kidney bean shaped nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specified (acquired) immunity; size of a RBC, very little cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| -thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, SALT, MALT, GALT |
|
Definition
| Name of the organs of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules to the surfaces of foreign cells or particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitate various immune activities such as assisting B cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a T lymphocyte programmed to directly affix cells and kill them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a WBC that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-markers that display unique characteristics of self-molecules and regulation of immune reaction (all nucleated cells)
-required for T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cell, and B cells
-involved in presenting antigen to T cells |
|
|
Term
| Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) |
|
Definition
| a macrophage or dendritic cell that ingest and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigen determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long term immunity; memory antibodies neutralizes toxins and viruses
-pass across the placenta
-monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary) most prevalent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-receptor on B-cells for antigen recognition
-monomer,serves as a receptor for anitgen on B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody of allergy; worm infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secretory antibody; on mucous membranes
-monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produced at 1st response to antigen; can serve as a B-cell receptor
-five monomers, 1st class synthesized following antigen encounter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person -breastfeeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the consequence of a perosn developing his own immune response to a microbe
-a cold or virus |
|
|
Term
| artificial active immunity |
|
Definition
-the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe
-vaccination |
|
|
Term
| artifical passive immunity |
|
Definition
-the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another perosn
-immunotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria
-active but not virulent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -cultivating the desired strain or strains of a bacterium or virus and treating them formalin, radiation, heat or some other agent that does not change the antigenic structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the advatages and disadvantages to attenuated vaccines to killed vaccines? |
|
Definition
advantages
-organisms can multiply and produce infection(but not disease) like the natural organism
-confer long lasting protection
-usually require fewer doses and boosters
Disadvantages
-require special storage
-can be transmitted to other people
-can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody cross lins whole cell antinges forming complexes that settle out and form visible clumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soluble antigen is made insoluble by an antibody |
|
|
Term
| Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
-IgE mediated; involves mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators
-examples: anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma |
|
|
Term
| Type II: Antibody mediated |
|
Definition
-IgG, IgM antibodies act upon cells with complement and cause cell lysis; includes some autoimmune diseases
-examples: Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antibody-mediated inflammation; circulatory IgG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs; includes some autoimmune diseases
-examples: systmeic lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-delayed hypersensitivity and cytotoxic reactions in tissue
-examples: graft reaction, poison ivy |
|
|
Term
| routes of entry for most fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| levels of fungal infection |
|
Definition
-systemic (worse)
-subcutaneous
-cutaneous (dermis)
-superficial (epidermis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial mycoses such as athletes foot or ringworm |
|
|
Term
| -yeast infection, thrush, candidiasis |
|
Definition
| disease caused by Candida albicans |
|
|
Term
| -Pneumocystis, PCP, most common in AIDS patients |
|
Definition
| disease caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci |
|
|
Term
| -zoonotic-vector borne, cat feces |
|
Definition
| mode of transmission toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of transmission trichomoniasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of transmission giardiasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of transmission balantidiasis |
|
|
Term
| fecal-oral, feces in water |
|
Definition
| mode of transmission cyclosporasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of transmission cryptosporidiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Taenia pisiformis
-scolex
-proglottids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Enterobius vermicularis
-intestinal roundworms |
|
|
