Term
|
Definition
| This bacteria is water-loving and is commonly found in air conditioners, mist machines, and other water reservoirs. It is a gram-negative organism and the first line of treatment is a macrolide such as erythromycin or azithromycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly found in alcoholic and elderly patients. These patients are at a high risk for aspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly found in young adult patients. These patients will present with positive cold-agglutinin test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common cause of pneumonia in newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly found in pneumonia patients with COPD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This protozoa causes a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis. It is contracted by swimming in freshwater lakes or by using nasal irrigation systems known as neti pots. This organism enters via the cribiform plate and usually infects the frontal lobes first. Symptoms include nausea, headache, fever, loss of consciousness, and a stiff neck. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be contracted congenitally producing a triad of chorioreinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a helminth transmitted by undercooked pork. Ingesting the eggs of this organism causes cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. The eggs invade the brain producing calcified cysts causing seizures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces bloody diarrhea and liver abscesses. The eggs get into the liver to produce anchovy paste abscesses and right upper quadrant pain. The eggs produce flask shaped ulcers in the intestine. This organism is transmitted by cysts in the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common CNS fungal infection in AIDS. The budding yeast shape are visible with India Ink stain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative, curved bacillus that produces urease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative, oxidase negative bacilli that ferment lactose and are capable of causing a variety of infections in human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative, oxidase positive diplococci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-negative, spiral bacillus that does not produce urease. The bacterium is often contracted via contaminated chicken and causes inflammatory diarrhea in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-positive bacilli that produce spores, common food contaminant and may cause gastrointestinal symptoms within a few hours following ingestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram-positive bacilli that produce spores, major cause of pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cause of acute bronchitis in non-smokers. Patients with bronchitis present with dry cough, fever, sore throat, and tight breath sounds. Treatment of this infection is usually self-limiting. |
|
|
Term
| Strep Pneumoniae and H. Influenza |
|
Definition
| common cause of bronchitis in smokers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lactose negative oxidase positive organism commonly responsible for infection in cystic fibrosis patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly found in nosocomial pneumonia patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high cold agglutinin titer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Human Herpes Virus 6
(Roseola) |
|
Definition
| most common in children between 6 and 15 months old. It presents with a high fever for 3-5 days and a rash that appears as the fever breaks. The rash is typically a faint macular rash that begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities and face. It does not usually itch and will go away on its own in a few days. It is a similar rash to the one seen in rubella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicular rash starting on the trunk and spreading out with lesions in various stages of healing. It is very itchy and contagious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause of measles. The rash seen in measles is maculopapular and spreads starting from the head and moving down the body. It usually shows up a few days after fever begins. characterized by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and koplik spots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cause of erythema infectiosum or fifth’s disease. Initially it causes a slapped cheek appearance and then the rash spreads over the body in a lacy, reticulated pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common cause of vaginitis (commonly called a yeast infection). Diabetes and recent treatment with antibiotics are risk factors. While antibiotics are often effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections, they can also kill off the normal flora of the vagina, opening the door for fungal infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common cause of urinary tract infectio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common cause of sexually transmitted infection and cervicitis, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), but it does not typically cause vaginal itching. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes a thick, sometimes "frothy", greenish, foul-smelling discharge and is not associated with diabetes and recent antibiotic use. |
|
|
Term
Organisms that end in -ella
(Francisella, Brucella, Legionella, Pasteurella) |
|
Definition
| commonly cultured with Charcoal Yeast Extract agar, require cysteine for growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts for culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria and Haemophilus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common atypical pneumonia in young adults. An older male in the sixth decade makes this less likely. This organism has no cell wall, and contains sterols in the membrane. The P1 protein allows to attach to the respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common cause of pneumonia, especially in the sixth decade of life. Patients will have a productive cough with rusty colored sputum. Chest radiograph will demonstrate lobar consolidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and is a gram-positive coccus, catalase negative, alpha-hemolytic, quellung positive, optochin sensitive, and bile soluble |
|
|
Term
Strep. Pneumoniae, H. influenza type B, Neisseria Meningitidis, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Group B Strep
(Kapsules Shield SHiNS (group B)) |
|
Definition
| Quellung reaction tests the organism for the presence of a capsule by adding animal sera that contains capsular antibodies. The antibodies cause agglutination and allows for the visualization of the organisms capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram-negative coccobacillus which is the second leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gram-negative diplococci, also in the top 10 bacterial causes of pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tetracycline used in the treatment of specific gram negative infections, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Boriella burgdorferi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in workers in textile factories. This is due to exposure to gram-negative bacteria on the cotton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically presents as a gray-colored vaginal discharge. It is often described as having a fishy odor, particularly after intercourse. It is not usually painful or pruritic, and may be entirely asymptomatic. Diagnosis is confirmed on wet mount, when “clue cells” — vaginal squamous epithelial cells covered in bacteria — are seen. Metronidazole is the treatment of choice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin used to treat gram negative infections. It is the treatment of choice for this bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fluoroquinolone, which are used to treat gram negative infections of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patients have severe constitutional symptoms, a gradual onset of cough and fever, and extensive infiltrates on chest X-ray. Auto-antibodies against red blood cells may be produced during infection and can give rise to cold agglutinins. Cold agglutinins are IgM antibodies that agglutinate red blood cells at 4-degrees Celcius (cold) but not 37-degrees Celcius. These antibodies can also cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia which can account for the elevated reticulocytes in this patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug of choice for atypical community acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically used for anaerobes that affect the GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penicillin G is the intravenous form of penicillin. Penicillins are typically used to treat gram positive streptococcal infections. It is also the treatment of choice for this bug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have peptidoglycan rich membranes. The high lipid content is the reason why these organisms are acid-fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causing infectious mononucleosis a/w splenomegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis inhibitor used for vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This virus is found in the southwestern United States, Grand Canyon. infections have ARDS, Patients with infection will have ARDS, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Currently, there is no effective treatment and this infection has a high mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly found in the southeastern United States. These are associated with beavers and the fungus presents with skin and lung manifestations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in Ohio and Indiana. This is commonly found in feces of bats and starlings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in pigeon excreta around building or on rooftops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide angled hyphae that commonly present in diabetic ketoacidosis patients |
|
|
Term
| thermophilic actinomycetes (saccharopolyspora) |
|
Definition
| Farmer’s lung, which is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This disorder is a result of exposure to ? in moldy hay. Patients with this disorder will not respond to albuterol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often a result of bacteria fermentation in silos. This causes a buildup of nitrogen gas in the silo and people who commonly work in this environment will develop an immediate hypersensitivity with dyspnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aminoglycoside. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit thus inhibiting the formation of the initiation complex for protein synthesis. It also causes misreading of the mRNA code |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Attacks oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells of the central nervous system. This leads to multifocal demyelination in the brain and cerebellum. This virus is present in most of the population but symptoms only arise in immunocompromised patients. This infection commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis found in children or young adults. It is a rare syndrome characterized by seizures, weak limbs, and cognitive decline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
side effects include kidney stones and increased blood sugar
anti-retroviral drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnosed by cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, and koplick spots. A complication a few years after the initial infection is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presents after being bit by an infected animal. The symptoms start with fever, headache, and pain at the wound site and progress to seizures and the classic “foaming at the mouth.” This virus is a bullet shaped virus of the rhabdovirus family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in Central and South America. The chronic form is characterized by megacolon, achalasia and myocarditis which can precipitate arrhythmia |
|
|
Term
Trypanosoma Cruzi
(chaga's disease) |
|
Definition
| Exposure to the reduviid bug is the cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in water sources, causes pneumonia and its antigen can be detected clinically in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscesses. It is an anaerobic protozoan parasite that infects when it is ingested as a cyst at which point it enters its trophozoite (active) phase. The organism can bore into the intestine and reach the bloodstream for transport to other organs including the liver where it can cause abscesses that are deadly if untreated. The organism can often be seen upon microscopy with ingested RBC's in its cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease transmitted by the sandfly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 5-nitromidazole that reacts with intracellular macromolecules of anaerobes and the drug of choice in treating giardia infection. When alcohol is consumed, it may result in a disulfiram-like reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has fewer side effects than metronidazole and is the initial drug of choice for giardiasis outside of the U.S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for giardiasis, but it is not associated with a disulfiram-like reaction. It is the drug of choice for metronidazole-resistant giardiasis or in patients who cannot receive (or tolerate) metronidazole. However, this medication is not commecially available in the U.S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for the treatment of roundworm and tapeworm infections; while teratogenic, it has minimal adverse effects in the adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is for tapeworm and fluke infections, with minor gastrointestinal and neurologic disturbances reported as its primary side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also prescribed for tapewoms and flukes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the drug of choice for C. difficile infection and has the side-effect of facial flushing. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan preventing elongation of the chain. |
|
|
Term
| beta-lactam antibiotics which include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of the transpeptidase reaction in cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interference with the lipid carrier in peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibited synthesis of n-acetylmuramic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with osteomyelitis in patient’s with prostheses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a source of osteomyelitis in sexually active individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteomyelitis in diabetics and IV drug abusers |
|
|
