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| a process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry. pathogens have to colonize; need large # |
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| substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms |
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| substance with close structural resemblance to one requied for normal functioning; interferes with metabolites |
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| disinfectant on a living surface |
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| refers to any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection |
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| asymptomatic (subclinical) |
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| lack of symptoms but may still have signs of infection |
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| heat and pressure used to kill microbes. steam condenses against the objects in the chamber and gradually raises their temperature |
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| a chemical that destroys bacteria except for endospores |
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| inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on other objects in the environment |
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| those normal colonists or residents in the human body. harmless/beneficial bacteria |
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| species not directly effecting human. A +,- interaction |
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| a disease when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host |
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| insensitive to several similar drugs even without previous exposure |
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| the mechanical removal of most microbes (ex. filtration) |
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Definition
| reduce the numbers of microbes on the human skin |
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Definition
| capacity of some agents to disrupt proteins. breaking of bonds. |
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| invading pathogens alter normal functions of body |
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| destroys MOST microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces |
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| movement of microbes out of the body |
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| an adaptive response in which microorganisms begin to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory. this property can be intrinsic as well as acquired |
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Definition
| an infectious disease that is steady of a long period of time. prevalence never = 0 |
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Definition
| those caused by biota that are already present in the body (when they are introduced to a site that was previously sterile) |
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| a toxin that is not actively secreted but is shed from the outer membrane |
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| high/increasing incidence rates |
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| the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related human populations |
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| break down and inflict damage on tissues. |
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| originating from a source outside the body |
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| a toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue |
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| exists when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried into other tissues |
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| an inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens |
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| fluorine, bromine, cholorine, and iodine; a group of nonmetallic elements |
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| if enough ppl are immunized against disease, it is more difficult for diseases to be passed |
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Definition
| measures the number of NEW cases over a certain period of time |
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Definition
| the time from inital contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms |
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| a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply |
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Definition
| the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired |
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Definition
| the radiation ejects orbital electrons from an atom and causes ions to form |
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Definition
| the microbe enteres the body but remains confined to a specific tissue |
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Definition
| combination of freezing and drying. method of preserving microorganisms |
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| skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route (piercing, a cut, etc.) |
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| number of persions AFFLICTED with infectious diseases |
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| measures the total number of DEATHS in a population due to a certain disease |
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| does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host |
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| formation of abnormal bonds |
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| infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay |
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| compounds that can interfere with function of nucleic acids |
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| having antimicrobial effects in exceedingly small amounts (such as with heavy metal compounds) |
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| cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they become estabilished in a part of the body that is not natural to them. |
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| world wide high incidence rates |
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| a technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid's flavor and food value |
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| describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease |
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| group of antibiotics; majority comes from penicillium chrysogenum. BETA-LACTAM ring |
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Definition
| period in which the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in its target tissue |
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| cells that ordinarily engulf and destroy pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals |
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| the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population |
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| earliest notable symptoms, short period |
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| the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen orginates |
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Definition
| from plasmids encoded with drug resistance that are transferred thyrough conjugation, transformation, or transduction. |
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Definition
| any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes as well as other debris |
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Definition
| drugs that should kill or inhibit microbial cells without simultaneously damaging host tissues |
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| the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues |
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| any OBJECTIVE evidence of disease |
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| prevalence=0. occasional cases |
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| destruction of ALL microbial life |
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| when therapy destroys beneficial resident species, the microbes that were once in small numbers begin to overgrow and cause this type of disease. |
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| detergents (lower the surface tension of cell membranes) |
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| the SUBJECTIVE evidence of disease as sensed by the patient |
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| when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms |
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| when an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream |
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| the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes |
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Definition
| the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature |
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Definition
| resistant to the harmful effects of high temperature |
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| solutions dissolved in pure alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures |
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Definition
| guidelines based on the assumption that all patient specimens could harbor infecious agents. include BSI techniques to be used in known cases of infection |
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Definition
| a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another. |
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Definition
| any inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents |
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Definition
| the relative severity of the disease caused by a particular microorganism. the accurate term for describing the degree of pathogenicity. determined by its ability to 1. establish itself in the hose and 2. cause damage |
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Definition
| adhesion, excellular enzymes, toxins, antiphagcytic factors, structures for motility |
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| an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans |
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| "a disease or morbid process" |
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