Term
| two categories of prokaryotes |
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| spherical shaped bacteria |
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Definition
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| corkscrew/spiral shaped bacteria |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| core of nucleic acid and protein |
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Definition
| person who first observed that disease can be transmitted from person to person and by clothing |
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Definition
| person who first observed that people who had survived and recovered from plague could help sick and not be affected - immunization |
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| yeast organisms naturally present in fruit convert sugar to alcohol in presence of air. some bacteria compete for yeast and turn it to vinegar |
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Definition
| Helped Pasteur develop germ theory of disease. worked with anthrax and animals |
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Definition
| required doctors to disinfect their hands with chloride of lime |
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Definition
| treating surgical wounds and instruments with phenol (carbolic acid) |
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Definition
| worked with cow pox, vaccination |
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Term
| What type of microscopy is used to visualize spirochetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what human diseases are caused by spirochetes |
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Definition
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Definition
| specimens stained with fluorochrome antibody and stain internal structures. one plane at a time illluminated with laser. get a 3D image |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope negative staining |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crystal violet, malachite green |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. smear of bacteria fixed onto slide
2. slide is covered with crystal violet
3. wash of stain
4. add iodine as mordant
5. wash off (all cells purple)
6. wash with alcohol to decolorize
7. stain with safranin as counter stain |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| acid fast looks what color |
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Definition
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Term
| what human diseases are caused by mycobacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. a red dye (carbolfushin) is applied to a fixed smear of bacteria
2. slide is heated
3. slide is treated with alcohol to decolorize
4. slide then counter stained with methylene blue |
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Term
| E. coli of food borne illness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| non protein part of enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| example of competitive inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4 ATPs and 2 NADH (net gain 2 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP (net gain 2 ATP) |
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Term
| products of electron transport chain |
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Definition
| NADH and FADH are oxidized to yield 34 ATP |
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Term
| where does the electron transport chain occur |
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Definition
prokaryotes - plasma membrane
eukaryotes - mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits final assembly of peptidoglycan in cell wells - leads to weak cells walls - leads to osmotic rupture |
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Term
| characteristics of gram positive bacteria |
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Definition
| thick peptidoglycan layer, sensitive to penicillin, major antigens for serotyping |
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Term
| characteristics of gram negative bacteria |
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Definition
| cel wall includes additional outer membrane, contains LPS, not sensitive to penicillin |
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Term
| what important human pathogens are caused by endospores? |
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Definition
| anthrax, botulism, tetanus |
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Term
| how many naturally occurring elements |
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Definition
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Term
| how many elements are commonly found in living organisms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that dissociates into one or more negative ions and one of more hydrogen ions (H+), proton donor |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that dissociates into one or more positive ions and one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon skeleton, covalently bonded hydroxyl group |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
glycerol, fatty acid, phosphate group
(essential for membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
final electron acceptor is a substance other than oxygen
important for recycling nitrogen and sulfur |
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Term
| steps of ethanol production |
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Definition
glucose --> pyruvic acid --> acetaldehyde --> ethanol
(2 ATP harvested) |
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Term
| steps of lactic acid production |
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Definition
glucose --> pyruvic acid --> lactic acid
(2 ATP harvested) |
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Term
| How much energy from fats? |
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Definition
6 carbon glucose yields 38 ATPs
18 carbon fatty acid yields 147 ATPs |
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Term
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Definition
identify bacteria that can catabolize amino acids
color will change to purple |
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Term
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Definition
1. tube that contains a protein, a carb mannitol, a pH indicator, and an inverted tube
2. can't use mannitol --> no color change
3. can convert mannitol to acid --> color change
4. can convert mannitol and produce gas --> color change and gas in the inverted tube (E coli) |
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Term
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Definition
cyclic photophosphorylation - electrons return to chlorophyll
noncyclic photophosphorylation - electrons are transferred to NADPH |
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Term
| light independent reactions |
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Definition
stored electrons are used
1 molecule of glucose takes 6 Calvin cycles |
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Term
| carbohydrate biosynthesis |
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Definition
ADPG = building blocks for glycogen in bacteria
UDPG = building blocks of glycogen in animals |
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Term
| classification of microorganisms by nutritional pattern |
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Definition
photosynthesis? yes - phototroph/ no - chemotroph
CO2 as source of carbon? yes - autotroph / no - heterotroph |
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Term
| examples of photoautotrophs |
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Definition
| green sulfur, purple sulfur bacteria, canobacteria |
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Term
| examples of photoheterotrophs |
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Definition
| green and purple nonsulfur bacteria |
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Term
| examples of chemoheterotrophs |
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Definition
| most bacteria, all fungi, protozoa, animals |
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Term
| microorganism that causes bubonic plague |
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Definition
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Term
| symptoms of bubonic plague |
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Definition
| bubo in groin, swelling in armpit, sudden fever, spitting blood, death |
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