Term
| Loss of virulence causes ?2 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is persistence in viruses ? |
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Definition
| Persistence occurs when cell is not killed - may be chronic, latent, recurrent, immortalizing, transforming |
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Term
| Successful viral infection needs what two things ? |
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Definition
1. Susceptible host cell (has "proper" receptors)
2. Permissive host cell (has "proper" biosynthetic machinery) |
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Term
| Most common site of viral infections ? |
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Definition
| Oral and respiratory tract (upper and lower) |
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Term
| Influenza life cycle is unique b/c ? |
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Definition
| It goes into the host cell's nucleus |
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Term
| Transmission of Rotavirus ? |
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Definition
| Fecal matter, especially in daycare settings (respiratory possible) |
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Term
| 4 classifications of viral rashes are ? |
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Definition
m p n v
Macules - flat colored spots
Papules - slightly raised areas from immune response
Nodules - larger raised areas of the skin
Vesicular lesions - blisters likely to contain virus |
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Term
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Definition
Widespread rash usually occurring in children
HPV is an ex)
Low risk HPVs cause genital warts
High risk HPVs cause premalignant lesions |
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Term
| What is EV (Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis) ? |
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Definition
A rare, inherited disorder that predisposes pts. to widespread HPV infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas
**Person looks like a tree ** |
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Term
| HBV has tissue tropism to what organ ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two viruses that are sexually transmitted and can infect the CNS ? |
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Definition
HHV 1
HHV 2
Both block effects of interferon and prevent CD8 T-cell recognition of infected cells |
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Term
| HHV 1 and HHV 2 can infect what cells initially and when in lytic, persistent, or latent infection form ? |
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Definition
Initially infects mucoepithelial cells
Lytic (Cowdry Type A Inclusion Bodies, Syncytia)
Persistent (Lymphocytes and macrophages)
Latent Infections (neurons) |
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Term
| What virus causes chorioretinitis in newborns, and is most prevalent viral cause of congenital disease ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Common name for HHV 4 and HHV 5 viruses ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main way viruses can cause cancers ? |
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Definition
| Can modulate the cell's regulatory factors |
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Term
| What is CPEs (Cytopathic Effects) and examples of it ? |
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Definition
CPEs are host cell changes in response to a viral infection.
Exs)
Rounding
Inclusion Bodies (masses of foreign or non-active materials)
Cell Lysis, Necrosis, Apoptosis
Syncytia Formation (large, multinucleated cell)
Transformation |
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Term
| Inclusion bodies are seen in what viral infections ? |
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Definition
| Ebola and CMV and BK virus |
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Term
| 2 viruses known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What virus causes cervical, anal, and oral carcinomas, and non-melanoma skin cancers ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cancers due to 5 infections correspond to what percentage of total cancer incidence ? |
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Definition
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Term
What non-structural proteins are involved in transformation of these DNA tumor viruses ?
Papilloma
Polyoma
Adenovirus
BK Virus
SV-40 |
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Definition
Papilloma: E6 and E7
Polyoma: Large T and small T antigen
Adenovirus: E1A and E1B
BK Virus: Large T
SV-40: Large T
Mutations in these regions abolish transformation capacity |
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Term
| What virus causes the most STDs worldwide ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cervical carcinomas are due to what virus ? |
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Definition
| High-risk HPV associated cancers |
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Term
| What virus is associated with Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, and Nasopharyngeal cancer ? |
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Definition
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Term
| E6 and E7 in HPV targets what two things ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What virus is the ultimate B-lymphocyte parasite and 70 % of USA population carries it ? |
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Definition
EBV (HHV-4)
EBV stimulates growth, immortalizes B cells in tissue culture |
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Term
| EBV encodes more than _____ proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
KSHV (Kaposi's Sarcoma associated Herpes Virus)
Kaposi's Sarcoma is a tumor of the blood vessel walls
Most frequently detected tumor in AIDS pts
Pink, red, or purple lesions on skin and mouth |
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Term
| (MCV) Merkel Cell Polyomavirus can cause what cancer ? |
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Definition
| (MCC) Merkel Cell Carcinoma - highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of skin .... but 20-30% of MCC do not harbor MCV |
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Term
| 1/3 of world's population has been infected with ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type of hepadnavirus (Class 7)
Spread by blood, needles, sexual contact, perinatally
Mean incubation period of 3 months after which icteric symptoms start insidiously
HBV genome can integrate into host chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
Is a flavivirus (Class 4)
(+) ss RNA genome
Takes about 30 yrs to cause cancer
Mostly causes persistent infection which can go on to cause liver disease or cancer |
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Term
| Ex of a retrovirus that can cause human cancer ? |
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Definition
HTLV-1
Causes cancer over a long latency period (>30 yrs) |
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Term
| Transcriptional regulator for HTLV-1 is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exception: Which virus family uses ribosomes ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vaccines do you not give to an immunocompromised patient ? |
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Definition
Live-attenuated vaccine
Like:
Polio (Sabin)
MMR
Yellow Fever
Rotavirus
Varicella |
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Term
| Exs of inactivated (killed) vaccines ? |
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Definition
H I P
Hep A
Influenza
Polio (Salk) |
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Term
| Can person get real virus from a Subunit Viral Vaccine ? |
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Definition
No, b/c there is no genetic info. in the vaccination
This vaccine has recombinant proteins that self-assemble into VLPs (Virus Like Particles)
Exs are HepB, Quadrivalent HPV, Gardiasil |
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Term
| How does Acyclovir work ? |
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Definition
Is a nucleoside guanosine analogue
They lack OH groups for linking of backbone
It blocks DNA synthesis by chain termination |
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Term
| AZT (Azidothymidine) works how ? |
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Definition
| Is a nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| Exs of non-nucleoside inhibitors of RT ? |
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Definition
Foscarnet
Nevirapine
Binds to sites on RT enzyme |
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Term
| Saquinavir is an ex) of ? |
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Definition
Protease Inhibitors
Blocks cleavage of polyproteins which can block viral assembly and release |
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Term
| Which Interferon is most common in teams ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Toll-Receptor ligand, stimulates innate responses to attack the virus infection (HPV) |
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