Term
| 3 organ systems which are closed and sterile ? |
|
Definition
B C C
Bones and Joints
Circulatory
CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of brain parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidural or subepidural abscess (diffuse margin) |
|
|
Term
| Most common route of entry for CNS infection causing organisms ? |
|
Definition
| Hematogenous (imp for abscesses) |
|
|
Term
| Staph Aureus usually causes CNS infections how ? |
|
Definition
| Direct inoculation via trauma or injury |
|
|
Term
| Exs of CNS infection via direct extension ? |
|
Definition
| Infections of teeth, middle ear or mastoids or sinuses |
|
|
Term
| Chronic CNS infectious usually due to what organisms ? |
|
Definition
| Fungi or tubercle bacilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fever
Headache
**Nuchal rigidity**
Nausea and vomiting
Photophobia |
|
|
Term
| 3 specific signs (tests) of Meningism ? |
|
Definition
Tripod Sign - Inability to sit w/o making a tripod with hands
Kernig Sign - Pt's leg cannot be straightened b/c of hamstring spasm
Brudzinski's Neck Sign - pt. retracts the leg when neck is lifted |
|
|
Term
| Know how to differentiate types of meningitis, viral encephalitis, and brain abscess with CSF levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know table for causes of aseptic meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses use what two pathways to enter CNS ? |
|
Definition
1) Hematogenous (most common)
2) Neural
via olfactory nerve - HHV 1 and 2
intra-axonal through neuron route - Rabies |
|
|
Term
| Most viral meningitis is due to what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What viruses are ss (+) RNA, transfecting viruses, resistant to pH 3-9 detergents heat, and cytolytic ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polioviruses spread how ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to diagnose poliovirus and symptoms ? |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: by virus isolation from feces and oropharynx, and by specific serum antibodies
Symptoms common to meningeal irritation followed by weakness in one or more extremities
Acute flaccid paralysis - due to infection of anterior horn of grey matter |
|
|
Term
| The inactivated killed Salk polio vaccine is taken into body how ? |
|
Definition
Injected intramuscularly
local antibody not produced....will have circulatory IgM and IgG antibodies ??? |
|
|
Term
| Causes of **septic** meningits ? |
|
Definition
All due to bacteria
Is **age** dependent
Birth to 3 months - Strep Agalactiae
3 months to 5 years - Strep Pneumoniae
Any age (cranial surgey) - Staph Aureus
Any age (immunocompromised) - L. monocytogenes or P. aeruoginosa |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of bacteria that account for most cases of bacterial meningitis have what virulence factors in common ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria is Gram -, **coffee bean shaped**, exclusively human pathogen, tranmits via droplet inhalation, more than 1/3 of cases occur in first five years of life, and its **rash is detectable by Tumbler test** ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to prevent N. Meningitidis infection ? |
|
Definition
Tetravalent vaccine composed of Groups A, C, Y, and W135 (Group B is weakly immunogenic)
Protection limited to 3 yrs then give booster
Vaccine does not protect from carriage of organism
Is poorly immunogenic for kids under 2 yrs of age |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that is high incidence in cockroach infested areas and is C-reactive protein positive ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which bacteria uses these molecules for pathogenesis:
Internalin A and B - cell attachment
Hemolysins - pore-forming toxin
Listeriolysin O - helps in movt within cell
2 Phospholypase Cs - breaks cell membrane
ActA - uses host cell actin to move to new cells |
|
Definition
| Listeria Monocytogenes (Gram + aerobic, non-spore forming, motile, rods) |
|
|
Term
| Gummas, frank psychoses, and shuffling gait ("tabes dorsalis") is found with what bacteria ? |
|
Definition
| Treponema Pallidum (disease is Syphilis), is a spirochete bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Who is at risk for getting disease that spreads through animal urine contaminated water and food, any body of water is susceptible, is sensitive to acid pH, drying and soap, and has a **bacteremic phase** and **2nd phase** ? |
|
Definition
Sewer workers, miners, vets, meat packers
Leptospira Interrogans (Gram - spirochete) |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is seen as classic "bull's eye" rash with also joint pain, and meningeal irritation... has a 2nd and 3rd stage ? |
|
Definition
Borrelia Burgodorferi
causes Lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| How to diagnose Borrelia Burgdorferi ? |
|
Definition
Difficult to culture
Loose irregular spirals, silver or immuno-fluorescent stain
CDC recommends antibody screen with ELISA |
|
|
Term
| Which organism is associated with Eucalyptus trees and/or seeds, foilage, soil...**not associated with pigeons**, infectes **immunocompetent people**, mainly pulmonary but also can cause meningitis, and causes blindness via optic neuropathy ? |
|
Definition
| Cryptococcus Gattii (a fungus) |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes amoebic meningitis, and cases reported in Kansas, Virginia, and Florida, and diagnosis is by CSF microscopy ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria is Taxos A (Bacitracin) resistant ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial encephalitis can be caused by what 3 organisms ? |
|
Definition
B L T
Borrelia burgdorferi
Legionella pneumophilia
Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes and ticks), **cause encephalitis**, and seizures in kids.
All are **enveloped viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and contain a transfecting RNA**
Major families are Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae. |
|
|
Term
| 3 encephalitises in Togaviridae family ? |
|
Definition
V E W
VEE - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
EEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis
WEE - Western Equine Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| Which encephalitis produces no deaths in humans but 80% mortality in horses ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which encephalitis has high mortality in humans ? |
|
Definition
| EEE - Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What 3 encephalites belong in Flaviviridae family ? |
|
Definition
S J W
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Japanese B Encephalitis Virus (has tremors NOT seizures)
West Nile Encephalitis Virus (transmitted by Aedes mosquito, very RARE person to person transmission) |
|
|
Term
| Which virus is a bullet shaped virus, single stranded negative polarity, and has 5 proteins (N P M G and L) ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus family produces non-specific, progressive, and paralytic symptoms ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disorder shows Negri bodies and Babes nodules consisting of glial cells in the brain tissue ? |
|
Definition
| Rabies (Lyssavirus) - in Rhabdoviridae family |
|
|
Term
| Prevention and trt for Rabies virus ? |
|
Definition
Wash all wounds with soap and water
1 does of immune globulin
4 doses of vaccine on 4 days + 2 boosters on 2 days
Note: For previously vaccinated people, do not give the immune globulin |
|
|
Term
What virus causes hemiparesis, visual loss, seizures, personality changes, gait problems, dementia ....
and which matter lesions are common in posterior occipital area of brain ? |
|
Definition
Polyoma virus (JC virus)
Causes PML (Progressive Multifocal Leuko-Encephalopathy) |
|
|
Term
| What virus spreads through bat feces, urine, saliva, and contaminated fruit juices ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes SSPE (subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis) and causes behavior changes in school age children ? |
|
Definition
| Rubeola virus (causes measles) |
|
|
Term
| After year 2000, what virus is mostly responsible for myelitis (acute inflammation of spinal cord) ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Do prions have nucleic acid ?
Can prions replicate without provoking antibody or inflammatory response ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things can destroy prions ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common prion human disease ? |
|
Definition
CJD (Creutzfeld Jakob Disease)
No treatment |
|
|
Term
| How to do diagnosis of bovine variant of CJD (or mad cow disease) ? |
|
Definition
Brain biopsy
No cells in CSF |
|
|
