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Microbio Final
Let's bend this one over
107
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Streptococcal Diseases

Airborne

 

Definition
  • Encapsulated Gram +
  • Upper Respiratory Tract
Term

Scarlet Fever

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Definition
Strep Throat + Rash
Term

Rheumatic Fever

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Definition
Cardiac Sequelae
Term

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Airborne

Streptococcal Disease

Upper Respiratory

Definition

Known for Hemolytic Ability

Flesh eating disease

Term
Alpha Hemolytic
Definition
Partial destruction of red blood cells
Term
Beta Hemolytic
Definition
Total destruction of red blood cells
Term

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

 

Definition
 
  • Gram + bacillus
  • Generates potent Exotoxin
  • Most distinctive symptom is pseudomembrane
Term

Meningococcal Meningitis

Neisseria meningitides

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

 

Definition
  • Gram - encapsulated diplococcus
  • Meningococcemia - Rapidly fatal septicemia

 

Term

Haemophilus Meningitis

Haemophilus influenze

Airborne

Upper Respiratory

Definition
childhood disease - 6 months to 2 years
Term

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Definition
Problem again because of AIDS wtf?
Term

Whooping Cough

Bordetella pertussis

Airborne

Upper Respiratory


Definition
  • Gram - rod
  • Dangerous childhood disease
  • distinctive cough
Term

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Streptocooccus pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Definition
Gram + encapsulated diplococcus opportunist
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
Microbial disease of the bronchial tubes and lungs
Term
Lobar Pneumonia
Definition
Involvement of an entire lobe of the lung
Term
Double pneumonia
Definition
Both left and right lungs involved
Term
Bronchopneumonia
Definition
Scattered patches of infection in respiratory passage ways
Term
Strep pneumoniae
Definition
Serious cause of meningitis
Term

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Definition
  • Pleomorphic, no Gram reaction
  • "Walking pneumonia"
  • Atypical - not strep pneumoniae
  • Viral-like symptoms
Term

Klebsiella Pneumonia

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Airborne

Lower Respiratory

Definition
  • Gram - encapsulated rod
  • Dangerous misdiagnosis
  • more aggressive than Strep
  • not susceptible to penicillin
Term

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Foodborne/Waterborne Intoxication

Definition
  • Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
  • Most dangerous food poisoning
  • Exotoxin inhibits release of acetylcholine = no muscle contraction, respiratory paralysis
Term

Staphylococal Food Poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

Foodborne/Waterborne Intoxication

 

Definition
  • Gram + coccus
  • Second most common food poisoning in U.S.
  • Exotoxin = Enterotoxin
Term

Clostiridial Food Poisoning

Clostridium perfringens

Foodborne/Waterborn Intoxication

Definition
  • Gram + anaerobic sporeformer
  • Spores contaminate food which germinate and creates an exotoxin
Term

Typhoid Fever

Salmonella typhi

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Definition
  • Gram - rod
  • Survives in stomach
  • highly invasive
  • leads to septecemic state
Term

Salmonellosis

Salmonella typhimurium

Foodborne/Waterborn Infection

Definition
#1 foodborne disease in U.S.
Term
Shigellosis
Definition
  • Shigella sonnei
  • Shigella dysenteriae
  • Shigella flexneri
  • Shigella boydii
Term

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Definition
Unrelenting loss of fluids
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
E. coli O157:H7 - current problem in undercooked hamburger
Term

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter pylori

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Definition
-
Term

Brucellosis - "Undulant fever"

Brucella abortus

B. suis

B. mellitensis

B. canis

Foodborne/Waterborne Infection

Definition
Occupational hazard for individuals working with animals or animal products
Term

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Soileborne Disease

Definition
-
Term

Tetanus

Clostridum tetani

Soilborne Disease

Definition
Asphyxiation
Term

Gas Gangrene

Clostridum perfringens

Soilborne Disease

Definition
-
Term

Bubonic Plague

Yersinia pestis

Arthropodborne Disease

Definition
  • orgs multiply in bloodstreem and localize in lymph nodes ("Buboes")
  • Becomes septicemic, leading to pneumonic plague
Term

Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Arthropodborne Disease

Definition
  • Most common tick-borne disease in U.S.
  • Erythema chronicum migrans - "bulls-eye" rash that expands from point of origin
Term

Relapsing Fever

Borrelia recurrentis

Arthopodborne Disease

Definition
Transmitted by lice or ticks
Term

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsial Disease

Definition
  • Macules - pink spots
  • Papules - pink-red pimples
  • Maculopapular rash - fusion of spots
  • dark red, then fade
Term

Epidemic Typhus

Rickettsia prowazekii

Rickettsial Disease

Definition
  • Transmitted by body lice
  • characteristic fever and maculopapular rash
Term

Endemic Typhus

Rickettsia typhi

Rickettsial Disease

Definition
Transmitted by fleas
Term

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

STD

Definition
  • spirochete
  • trasmitted by fucking
Term
Three stages of Syphilis
Definition
  1. Primary Syphilis - hard chancre (hard ulcer at site of entry)
  2. Secondary Syphilis - fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash, possible liver involvement
  3. Tertiary Syphilis - gumma - soft fummy lesion that leads to degeneration of blood vessels in brain
Term

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

STD

Definition
  • 2nd most frequently reported STD
  • small gram - diplococcus (bean shaped)
  • causes abdominal pain and burning urination
Term

Chlamdia

Chlamydia trachomatis

STD

Definition
  • Number 1 STD causing nongonococal urethritis
  • grows only on living tissue
  • similar to gonorrhea symptoms but milder
Term

Chancroid

Haemophilus ducreyi

STD

Definition
  • Worldwide, may be more prevalent than syphilis or gonorrhea
  • small Gram - rod
  • characterized by soft chancre at site of entry
Term

Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

Contact Bacterial Disease

Definition
  • acid-fast rod
  • spread by multiple skin contacts or by droplet inhalation
  • long incubation period of 3-6 years
  • causes disfiguring of skin and bones due to lepromas
Term

Staphylococcus aureus

Stephylococcal Skin Disease

Definition
  • grape-like cluster of Gram + cocci
  • Key characteristic is formation of abscess (pus-filled lesion)
  • boil- pimple
  • carbuncle - deeper abscess when staph work their way down below skin
Term
Scalded skin syndrome
Definition
  • ween in infants
  • skin becomes red,wrinkled, tender, and peels, due to exotoxin

 

Term
Impetigo contagiosum
Definition
infection is more superficial and involves patches of epidermis just below the outer skin
Term

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Staphylococcus aureus

Definition
  • Rapidly rising fever, vomiting and diarrhea progressing to sore throat and rash
  • sudden drop in blood pressure can occur leading to shock and death
  • associated with use of tampons
Term

Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)

Haemophilus aegyptius


Definition
  • conjunctiva becomes inflamed causing eye to appear pink
  • highly contagious
Term

Actinomycosis

Actinomyces israelii

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Definition
-
Term

Nocardiosis

Nocardia asteroides

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Definition
Term
Bacteriodes fragilis
Definition
causes gangrene
Term

Pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

Endogenous Bacterial Disease

Definition
Term

Proteus mirabilis

Urinary Tract Infection

Definition
Term

Escherichia coli

Urinary Tract Infection

Definition
Term

Influenza

Haemophilus influenzae

Pneumotropic Viral Disease

Definition
  • Acute, contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract tramsmitted by droplet inhalation
  • characterized by ability to modulate surface antigens
  • Acute onset with sudden chills, fatigue, headache, then 104°C fever
Term
Adenovirus Infections
Definition
  • over 30 types of adenoviruses which cause the common cold
  • one strain may cause viral meningitis (aka aseptic meningitis)
Term
Respiratory Syncytial Disease
Definition
  • Most common lower respiratory tract disease in children under 2 resulting in viral pneumonia
  • when virus infects tissue cells, the tend to fuse forming "giant" cells or syncytia
Term
Rhinovirus Infections
Definition
  • over 100 rhinoviruses
  • major cause of the common cold
  • causes croup in children
Term

Herpes Simplex

Dermatropic Viral Disease

Definition

Large viruses

passes among cells by intercellular bridges and remains in the nerve cells until there is a trigger

 

Term
Gingvostomatitis
Definition
serieis of cold sores in throat
Term
Herpes keratitis
Definition
can lead to blindness
Term
Two forms of Genital Herpes:
Definition

Type I - inhabits areas above waist

Type II - inhabits areas below waist

Term
Human Herpes Virus 6
Definition
possible relationship to multiple sclerosis
Term
Human Herpes Virus 8
Definition
Cause of Kaposi's sarcoma
Term
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Definition

actually a herpes virus

highly contagious transmitted by droplet inhalation and skin contact

begins in respiratory tract with fever, headache, then passes into bloodstream and localizes in peripheral nerves and skin

multiplication results in fluid0filled vesicles

Term
Reye Syndrome
Definition
Serious complication associated with aspirin to control fever
Term
Herpes-Zoster
Definition
  • known as shingles
  • adult disease form of chickenpox whereby virus multiplies causing painful blistering
Term
Measles (Rubeola)
Definition
  • Highly contagious virus
  • upper respiratory disease accompanies by fever and characteristic red rash
Term
Rubella (German Measles)
Definition
  • Thought to be a mild form of measles, but actually independent clinical entity caused by Togavirus
  • mild disease - most dangerous to developing fetus
Term
Erythemal Infectiosum
Definition
  • Caused by a parvovirus infecting children
  • characteristic fiery red rash on cheeks and ears
Term
Mumps
Definition
  • characterized by enlarged jaw tissues arising from swollen salivary glands
  • mumps virus transmitted by droplet inhalation, contact, and fomites
Term
Smallpox (Variola)
Definition
  • First signs are high fever and general weakness, followed by pink-red spots (macules)
  • Macules becone papules, then fluid-filled vesicles which form into pustules
  • Pules break open and emit infectious pus that leaveves scars or pocks
Term
Molluscum contagiousm
Definition
disease accompanies by wart-like lesions
Term
Warts
Definition
  • caused by human papilloma viruses
  • maybe be associated with cervical cancer
Term
Yellow Fever
Definition
  • first human disease associated with a virus
  • transmitted by mosquitoes, thus referred to as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne)
  • can cause jaundice and internal bleeding
Term
Infectious mononucleosis
Definition
  • blood disease especially of antibody-producing B-Cells
  • caused by Epstein-Barr virus
  • causes developement of heart defects, paralysis of face, rupture of spleen and liver
Term
Hepatits A
Definition
  • acute inflammatory disease of the liver
  • most commonly transmitted by food or water contaminated by feces of an individual infected with the virus
Term
Hepatitis B
Definition
  • second major type of heatitis known as serum hepatitis
  • transmission usually involves direct or indirect contact with an infected body fluid
  • more sever than A
Term
Hepatits C
Definition
  • Liver damage develops slowly such that cirrhosis is beyond repair by the time it is diagnosed
  • most often transmitted by drug injection and somtimes associated with tattoos or body piercing
Term
Viral Gasatroenteritits
Definition
  • commonly caused by rotaviruses
  • severe childhood diarrhea
  • 24 hour flu

 

Term
Viral Fevers
Definition
  • some are accompanied by severe hemorrhagic lesions
  • lassa fever
  • Marburg disease
  • ebola hemorrhagic fever
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Term
Cytomegalovirus Disease
Definition
  • Caused by cytomegalovirus
  • may be among the most common diseases in U.S.
  • fever, malaise, enlarged spleen 
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (AIDs)
Definition
  • caused by HIV 
  • target is CD4 T-helper lymphocyte which shuts down effective immunity
  • transmitted by infected blood or cum
Term

Rabies

Neurotropic Viral Diseases

Definition
  • highest mortality rate of any human disease
  • transmitted by animal bite
  • death can come within days from respiratory paralysis
Term
Polio
Definition
  • Poliomyelitis - gray matter of brain and spinal cord affected
  • poliovirus ingested in contaminated food or water
  • multiplies first in tonsils, then lymphoid tissue in GI tract
  • maybe get into bloodstream and cause paralysis
Term
Arboviral Encephalitis
Definition
  • acute inflammation of the brain
  • caused by a series of Togaviruses
  • transmitted by mosquitoes
  • caharacterized by sudden high fever and severe headache
  • may lead to confulsions and coma

 

Term
Cryptococcosis
Definition
  • oneo f the most dangerious affecting the lungs and meninges
  • transmitted by inhalation
  • Org has large gelatinous capsule that is antiphagocytic
Term
Candidiasis
Definition

small yeast that will overgrow in compromised host

 

Term
Dermatomycosis
Definition
  • general name for fungal disease of the hair, skin, and nails
  • i.e. athlete's foot, ringworm
  • transmitted by contact or fomites
Term

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

Definition
  • Lung disease prevalent in Ohio river valley
  • transmitted by inhalation of spores which may develop into tuberculosis-like lung condition

 

Term

Coccidiodomycosis

Coccidioides immitis

Definition
Transmitted by inhalation of contaminated dust particles
Term

Blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Definition
Term

Aspergillosis

Asperigillus fumigatus

Definition
Aspergillus favus produces aflatoxins
Term

Sporotrichosis

Sporothrix schenkii

Definition
Term
What are the 8 innate defense mechanisms
Definition
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Ciliated Eplithelium
  4. Various enzymes
  5. Other proteins
  6. pH 
  7. Inflammatory response
  8. Phagocytosis
Term
What are the two divisions of the Immune response?
Definition
  1. Antibody Mediated immunity (humoral) - defense process thats mediated by antibodies
  2. Cell-mediated immunity - defense mechanism mediated by T cells
Term
TH Cell
Definition
  • T Helper cell
  • Chief regulatory cell of the immune system
Term
TC Cell
Definition

T cytotoxic cell

precursor to the CTL "killer" cell

Term

CTL

(cytotoxic T lymphocyte)

Definition
the end stage cell that has the ability to actively destroy nonself cells 
Term
B-Cell
Definition

Line of lymphocytes that produces antibodies

 

Term
What is Apoptosis?
Definition
Programmed cell death
Term
What are the three Major histocompatibility complexes?
Definition
  1. genes that control the ability to generate cell mediated functions
  2. genes that control the activity of TH Cells
  3. Genes that are involved in the production of components of complement system
Term
Interleukins
Definition
Small pepties that allow immune cells to communicate with each other
Term
The 5 classes of antibodies are:
Definition
  1. IGM - first to appear, pentomer
  2. IGG - most of them are these, last a long time only antibodies that can cross the placenta
  3. IGA - GI tract, respiratory tree, passive transfer in mother's milk
  4. IGE - major role in dangerous allergic reactions
  5. IGD - early receptor on B - cells
Term
Neutralization
Definition
  • Important with viruses/toxins
  • when antibodies attach to the virus so that they can't get to the cell

 

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