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Definition
| Involve the breaking of larger molecules into smaller molecules(precursor metabolites); Exergonic reaction |
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Definition
| Synthesize large molecules from smaller products of catabolism; Endergonic reactions |
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Term
| Dehydrogenation Reactions |
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Definition
| Oxidation reaction involving the loss of hydrogen atoms. |
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Definition
| Process of storing energy in high-energy phosphate bonds of molecules such as ATP; Inorganic phosphate is added to substrate |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Involves the transfer of phosphate to ADP from another phosphorylated organic compound |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Energy from redox reaction of respiration is used to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP |
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Definition
| Light energy is used to phosphorylate ADP with inorganic phosphate |
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Definition
| Chemicals that increase the likelihood of a reaction but are not permanently changed in the process |
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Definition
| Catabolize molecules by adding water in a decomposition process, hydrolization; Primarily used in the depolymerization of macromolecules. |
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Definition
| Rearrange atoms within a molecule but do not add or remove anything (neither catabolic or anabolic) |
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Definition
| Join 2 molecules together (anabolic) |
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Definition
| Split large molecules without using water (catabolic) |
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Definition
| Remove electrons from or add electrons to various substrates (catabolic and anabolic) |
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Definition
| Transfer functional groups, between molecules (anabolic) |
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Definition
| Contain protein portions, rather than solely comprised of proteins; Inactive if not bound to nonprotein inorganic ions called Cofactors |
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Definition
| Either vitamins or ocntain vitamins, which are organic molecules that are required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized by certain organisms |
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Definition
| An active enzyme formed by binding an apoenzyme and its cofactor |
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Definition
| RNA molecules instead of protein molecules; Process other RNA molecules by removing sections of RNA and splicing the remaining pieces together |
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Definition
| Enzymes that work best above 80 degrees celcius |
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Term
| Denaturation can occur when... |
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Definition
| enzymes lose their 3D shape due to noncovalent bonds breaking |
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Term
| How can pH affect enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| Ions released form acids and bases can interfere with hydrogen bonding and distort an enzyme's 2D/3D structure |
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Term
| As concentration increases... |
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Definition
| enzymatic activity increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Shaped to fit an enzyme's active site and therefore prevent the substrate from binding; Do not undergo a chemical reaction |
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Term
| Noncompetitive Inhibitors |
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Definition
| Prevent enzymatic activity by binding to an allosteric site located elsewhere on the enzyme; Alters the shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind |
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Term
| Allosteric (Noncompetitive) Inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory Allosteric Control |
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Definition
| Binds activator molecules to allosteric site, causing a change in the shape which then activates an otherwise inactive enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions similar to a thermostat controlling a heater; End product is an allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme from an earlier part of the pathway; Slows or stops anabolic pathways when the product is in abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic process involving complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP by redox reactions |
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Definition
| Results in organic waste products |
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Definition
| Process that catabolizes 1 molecule of 6-C glucose -> 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and results in a small amount of ATP production |
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Term
| Step 1 Glycolysis- Energy-Investment Stage |
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Definition
| Must invest energy before product can be made; 2 mol ATP invested + 6-C glucose; Those rearrange to make 1,6-biphosphate |
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Term
| Step 2 Glycolysis- Lysis Stage |
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Definition
| Fructose 1,6-biphosphate cleaved into 3-phosphate (G3P)5 and DHAP; Each of these compounds contains 3 carbon atoms freely convertible to the other |
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Term
| Step 3 Glycolysis- Energy-Conserving Stage |
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Definition
| G3P is oxidized into pyruvic acid, giving 2 ATP molecules; DHAP is converted to G3P and also oxidized into pyruvic acid, giving another 2 ATP; Glycolysis also yields 2 molecules of NADH |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The direct transfer of the phosphate between the two substances; In the presence of holoenzyme, the high-energy phosphate in PEP is transferred to an ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of carbon dioxide from pyruvic acid yields acetyl Co-A |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 pyruvic acid molecules yield 2 molecules of acetyl co-A, 2 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of NADH |
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Term
| Kreb's Cycle, TCA cycle, Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
| Series of 8 enzymatically catalyzed steps that transfer much of the stored energy to NAD+ and FAD; Occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Anabolism of citric acid- Splits bond between acetate and coenzyme A which forms 6-carbon compound citric acid |
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Definition
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Definition
| Decarboxylations- Releases 2 molecules of CO2 for each acetyl co-A that enters. For every 2 carbon atoms that enter, 2 are lost to the environment; At this point all 6 carbons have been lost |
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Term
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Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation- For every 2 molecules of acetyl Co-A, 2 molecules of ATP are generated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Redox Reaction: Reduce FADH->FADH2; Reduce NAD+->NADH; For every 2 molecules of acetyl Co-A, 6 molecules of NADH and 2 FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of membrane-bound carrier molecules; Energy from the electrons is used to pump H+ across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient that generates ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrier molecule; Integral membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrier molecule; Lipid-soluble, nonprotein carriers |
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Term
| Metal-containing proteins |
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Definition
| Mixed group of integral proteins with a wide ranging number of iron, sulfur, and copper atoms |
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Definition
| Integral proteins associates with heme |
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Definition
| Process of the oxygen final electron acceptor binding with H+ to make water |
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Definition
| Use molecules instead of oxygen as the final electron acceptor; Critical in recycling nitrogen and sulfur in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Sue of ion gradients to generate ATP by utilizing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane |
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Term
| What type of phosphorylation happens in chemiosmosis? |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation because proton gradient is created by the oxidation of components of the ETC |
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Term
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Definition
| 34 molecules of ADP per molecule of glucose; Complete aerobic respiration of a prokayote yields 38 ATP, and eukaryote yields 36 (2 to transport NADH) |
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Term
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Definition
| The partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an organic molecule form within the cell as an electron acceptor; Consists of metabolic reactions to oxidize NADH->NAD+ while reducing endogenous organic molecules which act as final electron acceptors |
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Term
| Main function of fermentation |
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Definition
| Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis so that ADP molecules can be phosphorylated into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Capture light energy form the sun and use it to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and water |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules of hydrocarbon tail attached to a light-absorbing active site centered around a magnesium ion |
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Term
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Definition
| Light harvesting matrices that are embedded in cellular membranes, thylokoids |
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Term
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Definition
| Invaginations of cytoplasmic membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Infoldings of inner membranes of chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Stacks of thylokoids in eukaryotic chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Space between the outer membrane and the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
| Reaction Center Chlorophyll |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll molecule what all pigments eventually arrive at; When excited the center passes its excited electrons to the electron acceptor (take to ETC) |
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Term
| Cyclic Photophosphorylation |
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Definition
| The final electron acceptor is the original reaction center chlorophyll that donated the electrons |
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Term
| Noncyclic Photophosphorylation |
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Definition
| Requires both PSI and PSII; Generates molecules of ATP and reduces NADP+->NADPH |
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Term
| Light independent reactions |
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Definition
| Do not require light directly; instead use ATP and NADPH generated by the light-reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves attachment of molecules of CO2 to molecules of a 5-carbon organic compound, RuBP; 3 step process |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions that can proceed in either direction, catabolism or anabolism |
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