Term
| Who discovered the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of DNA? |
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Definition
| It stores genetic information for the production of protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a nucleotide composed of? |
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Definition
| A nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate group. |
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Term
| What are the 4 bases of DNA? |
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Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
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Term
| What is the name of the sugar in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical formula for the phosphate base in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which carbon do the bases attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which carbon does the hydroxyl group attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which carbon does the phosphate group attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the nucleotides arranged? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the strands identified? |
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Definition
| The ends of each strand are identified by the number of carbons nearest to that end. |
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Term
| What are the bases held together by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is described as _________, ________, ______ _______. |
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Definition
| complementary, antiparallel, double helix |
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Term
| What does semi-conservative replication result in? |
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Definition
| Two molecules, each one has 1 original strand and 1 new strand |
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Term
| What are the enzymes that semi-conservative replication use? |
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Definition
| DNA Helicase and DNA Polymerase III |
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Term
| What does DNA helicase do? |
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Definition
| It unwinds the double helix and breaks H bonds between bases. |
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Term
| What does DNA polymerase III do? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA Polymerase III cannot add nucleotides unless? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA Polymerase require in order to work? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A small section of RNA that initiates DNA replication. |
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Term
| What creates RNA primer? Can it start from scratch? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can DNA Polymerase III add new nucleotides? |
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Definition
| To the 3' end of an already existing chain. |
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Term
| Which direction is DNA built? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which direction must the enzyme read the original in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA Polymerase I do? |
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Definition
| Removes and replaces RNA primer(s) with DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Joins together DNA fragments. |
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Term
| What is Transcription - Translation? |
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Definition
| A process by which information is taken from DNA and used to make proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which RNA is created from a DNA template. |
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Term
| How does transcription work? |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase "reads" the template DNA strand and creates a complementary RNA strand. |
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Term
| How does it know when to begin and stop? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter and termination regions of the DNA template. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which a polypeptide strand is created from a mRNA template. |
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Term
| What does translation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step of translation? |
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Definition
| The ribosome beings reading the mRNA strand until it reaches the START CODON. |
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Term
| What is a codon? What is is the start codon's name? |
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Definition
| A three nucleotide sequence that represents one amino acid. AUG. |
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Term
| What is the 2nd step of translation? |
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Definition
| The tRNA brings in the appropriate amino acid for the AUG codon. |
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Term
| The next codon is read, and another amino acid comes in forming a _____ ______ with the previous codon. |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does translation continue? |
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Definition
| Until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Once translation stops, what happens? |
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Definition
| The new protein is released in the cell for use. |
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Term
| What are two properties of DNA strands? |
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Definition
1.)They denature at near-boiling temps.
2.)They renature as the strands cool. |
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Term
| What is the restriction endonucleases? |
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Definition
| They are capable of recognizing specific sequences and clipping the DNA at that location |
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Term
| What can restriction endonucleases result in? |
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Definition
| A clean cut but often a cross cut that causes sticky ends. |
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Term
| What is restriction endonucleases used for? |
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Definition
| To splice pieces of DNA into plasmids and chromosomes. |
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Term
| What is the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase used for? |
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Definition
| It uses an RNA template to create a strand of DNA. |
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Term
| What does reverse transcriptase help with? |
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Definition
| To sequence RNA or examine DNA with the "junk" segments removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| It uses and electrical current and a gelatin-like medium to create a visual pattern of DNA fragments. |
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Term
| What are oligonucleotides? |
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Definition
| Smaller segments of DNA created for research purposes. |
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Term
| In which type of organism is this helpful? What does it allow? |
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Definition
| Most eukaryotic DNA is too large to study as a whole. It allows it to be studied in pieces and then information is consolodated to observe the whole genome. |
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Term
| How can oligonucleotides also be sequenced? How many can it sequence and at what rate? |
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Definition
| By use of a sequencer. Can sequence 5-10 million BP segments at 1000bp/day |
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Term
| What is the polymerase chain reaction? |
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Definition
| It allows one to create millions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. |
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Term
| With PCR, do you know the segments you're copying in advance? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1.)endonucleases 2.)RNA primer 3.)DNA Polymerase III 4.)Thermal cycler |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of DNA from one organism to another. |
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Term
| What does recombination result in? |
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Definition
| A new genetic strain different from the donor and original recipient. |
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Term
| What does recombination normally involve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must the recipient organism do? |
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Definition
| Accept the DNA into its genetic make up, express it, and pass it on to its offspring for transfer to be successful. |
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Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms of natural transfer? |
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Definition
| 1.)Conjugation 2.)Transformation 3.)Transduction |
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Term
| What does conjugation involve? What is the process? |
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Definition
| A pilus that forms a bridge between 2 organisms and a replicated plasmid is transferred. |
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Term
| Are all bacteria able to produce a pilus? Can that trait be transferred? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conjugation is ______ ______ to organisms of the _____ ______. |
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Definition
| genetically limited/same genus |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell picks up a piece of DNA from the environment usually from a lysed cell. |
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Term
| What does transformation allow? |
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Definition
| A cell to get genetic material from an entirely different species. |
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Term
| What does transduction involve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of transduction? |
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Definition
| The phage carries genetic material from its previous host cell into the new host. |
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Term
| What is a artificial introduction of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A process of artificially introducing genes to organisms. |
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Term
| Can transfected organisms be patented? What type of organism can they be? |
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Definition
| Yes. Microbes, plants, or animals. |
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Term
| What does transfected bacteria play a role in? |
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Definition
| Agriculture that can act as an insectiside. |
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Term
| What are transfected viruses used for? |
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Definition
| To transmit the gene into another organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A microbe or virus that transmits material (wanted/unwanted) into a host organism |
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Term
| When is a transfected virus used? |
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Definition
| In gene therapy, experimental vaccines, and pathogenic testing |
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Term
| What are transfected plants used for? |
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Definition
| to introduce new characteristics to plants such as herbicide resistance, built-in insecticide, and microbial resistance. |
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Term
| What are transfected animals used for> |
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Definition
1.)production of human hormones, antibodies or enzymes.
2.)The study of human disorders.
3.)healthier meat products.
4.)replacement tissues and organs
5.)nearly all early research involving human genetic therapy. |
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