Term
| Diagram the Inflammation response |
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Definition
This needs to include:
Mast cells, Histamine, Dendrites
Neutrophil, integrin, Eselectin from membrane.
Vasodilation causing heat, pain, redness, swelling
Monocyte, macrophage.
(non specific response) |
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Term
| Draw out the 3 complement protein activation |
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Definition
1) Classical pathway -> Antigen/antibody
2) Alternative pathway -> Complement proten binds to pathogen
3) Lectin pathway-> Antibodies can bind to the lectin and manose on the pathogen |
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Term
| Define the T cells (Cellular response) |
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Definition
Tc - Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
Th - Helper T cells (CD4)
Th1 - Stimulates Macrophage growth, releases cytokines
Th2 - Stimulates B cells to produce more antibodies |
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Term
| Allergy Immune response types |
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Definition
Type I - Accute/immediate. Seconds
Type IV, Delayed, cell mediated. Hours to show. |
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Term
| Describe a type I allergen response |
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Definition
Antigen triggers a B cell response. IgE produced instead, the IgE is a receptor for Mast cells.
Mast cells release histamine. |
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Term
| Define Type IV allergy response |
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Definition
| ANtigen presenting cell reaction ocurs macrophages and t cells migrate to the locations. |
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Term
| What protein is required for opsonization? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is opsonization carried out? |
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Definition
| Antibodies and complement proteins bind to cell. Phagocytes recognize IgG and complement protein C3b and are drawn to the pathogen. Makes it easier for engulfment. |
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Term
| Name the 3 complement proteins we care about |
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Definition
IgG - Prevalent. Long term protection, in blood and tissues
IgM - Initial response, large sized
IgE - Part of the mast cell response |
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Term
| What are the 4 main ways we use adaptive immunity |
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Definition
Specificity (One responder to one stimulus)
Diversity (Antibodies, light chain receptors vary)
Tolerance (Recognizes self)
Memory (Memory B&T cells) |
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Term
| What are regulatory T cells? |
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Definition
| Regulate against autoimmune response |
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Term
| What are Natural Killer cells? |
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Definition
| Respond to virally infected cells/cells missing MHCI proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| A pathogen identified by the body and marked for phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recognized portion of an antigen that antibodies can identify and bind with. Either shown on an antigen presenting cell or on the pathogen itself. |
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Term
| How do cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cells? |
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Definition
| They release perforin to create holes in the cell, then send in Granzyme to the cell to stimulate aptopsis |
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Term
| What are the identifying factors for bacteria on skin cells? |
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Definition
Drying, salty, pH 4-6, antimicrobial peptides in sweat glands, Lysozymes destroy cell walls (gram positive)
Microflora include gram positive, few gram negative and fungi
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Term
| What are the identifying factors for microbes in the oral cavity? |
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Definition
Moist, anaerobic, antribacterial compunds
Microflora: Biofilms of mixed cultures.
High sugar increases, attachment, organic acids, gingivities, caries and cavities |
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Term
| What are the identifying features for bacteria in the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
Mucus/mucuciliatory escalator carries out bacteria
Microflora: Mixed culture/pathogens.
Eyes: Contain lysozomes to help control bacteria. |
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Term
| What are the identifyiing features for bacteria in the GI tract? |
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Definition
Nutrients, pH variations and Anoxic (No O2)
Microflora Mixed culture, provides us with B12 and K
Stomach pH 2 (Heliobacter and Strptococcus live)
Duodenum ph 4-5
Ilum and colon ph7
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to pathogen -> Adherence (Skin or mucosa) -> invasion throug the epithelium -> Colonization and growth/virulence factors (further colonizing the invasion site)-> Splits to toxicity as toxins effect the local area or systemic area <--> Invasiveness growing out of the intial site furthering exposure -> Tissue damage/disease. |
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Term
| Explain the 5 steps of infection |
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Definition
Incubation period (low # of organisms)
Prodromal response (general/vague symptoms as organisms increase)
Illness (Most severe symptoms, high #organisms)
Decline (Decrease of symptoms and organisms)
Convalescence (No signs or symptoms) |
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Term
| Define the difference between signs and symptoms. |
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Definition
Signs - Evidence (Fever, rash, swelling)
Symptoms - Subjective (pain, malaise, fatigue) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of symbiosis |
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Definition
Mutualism - Everyone benefits
Commensalism - One benefts the other is neutral
Parasitism - Host is harmed |
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Term
| Describe toll like receptors |
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Definition
| Anchored in membranse of macrophages and dendrtes. Recognizes peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and flagellin. |
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Term
| Describe nod like receptors |
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic proteins that detect bacterial componants in cells |
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Term
| Describe rig like receptors |
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic proteins that recognizes bacterial DNA viral dsRNA and ssRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell recognizes it has been infected, interferons are released to neighboring cells to prime them for activaton in case they are infected stimulating PKR (antiviral protein) production. |
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Term
| What are the complement proteins used in the inflammation response? |
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Definition
| C5a and C3a. They cause mast cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| How do bacteria avoid the bodies natural defenses? |
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Definition
Biofilm growth
Siderophores (Bind to iron)
Avoidance of secretory IgA (Mucosal IgA)
Pili turnover
IgA proteases |
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Term
| How does a bacteria colonize? |
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Definition
| Adhesions on the end of pili attach to a receptor. |
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Term
| How do pathogens invade the cellular barriers? |
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Definition
1) Direct uptake (Pathogen induces the host cell to engulf it by endocytosis. Salmonella uses type III secretion sytem to inject in effector proteins)
2) Hiding in a host cell (Shigella directly transfers from cell to cell using actin)
3) Avoiding the complement system proteins (N gonorrhoeae binds the complement proteins to avoid the membrane attack complex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Disrupt the microbial membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibit replication of viruses. |
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Term
| Describe the arrangement of antibodies/B cell receptor/T cell receptors |
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Definition
| Consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains. The tops of the heavy and light chains contain a variable antigen binding site region that will only activate with the proper epitope. |
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Term
| Describe the antibody growth curves |
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Definition
| Lag period. IgM is released (5-15 days) IgG production picks up around 15 days and takes over the IgM. IgM is an indicator of current disease, IgG is an indicator of past disease. |
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Term
| Define primary and secondary immune responses |
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Definition
Primary: IgM responds, IgG responds after 15 days and then declines
Secondary: IgM responds, IgG responds more rapidly and with higher antibody production from plasma cells. More memory cells created. |
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Term
| Describe how vacines work with the primary and secondary responses |
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Definition
Primary: Antigen injected, IgM response started.
Secondary: Antigen injected again, IgG response is prevalent. |
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Term
| Describe the antigen ELISA test |
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Definition
Antigen is attached to micro well
Serum is added, the complimentary antibody binds to the antigen
Enzyme linked antibody added, attaches to the complementary antibody
Substrate added to well, any enzyme linked will change the color in the well. |
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Term
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Definition
Measures a disease in a population
Makes determinations regarding the cause of the disease
Applies knowledge to control public health problems |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of epidemiological studies? |
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Definition
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental |
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Term
| What does the Descriptive studies branch of epidemiology look at? |
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Definition
Physical aspects of an existing disease.
# of cases
Segments of affected population
Location and time of cases. |
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Term
| What does the analytical studies branch of epidemiology look at? |
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Definition
Cause and affect.
Attempts to determine the probable cause, mode of transmission and methods of prevention
Used in situations where Koch's postulates can't be applied. |
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Term
| What are the 2 sub branches of the analytical studies branch of Epidemiology? |
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Definition
Retrospective - Looks at preceding events. Uses a control group
Prospective - As the epidemic spreads. Determines susceptibilities and resistance. Determines if things can be changed to stop the spread. |
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Term
| What does the Experimental Studies branch of epidemiology look for? |
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Definition
| Hypothesis testing. Find the reservoirs of infection, portals of entry and mechanisms of transmission. |
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Term
| Define Incidence and Prevalence |
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Definition
Incidence: Number of *new* cases in a population during a specific time period.
Prevalence: Total number of people infected at a given time. Severity and length of the disease |
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Term
| Define Morbidity and Mortality. |
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Definition
Morbidity: Number of individuals affected during a set period of time in relation to total pop.
Mortality: Number of deaths in a population during a specific time period. |
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Term
| Draw and lable the Epidemiological Triad |
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Definition
Host <-> Infectious agent (infectivity, pathogenicty, virulence <-> Environment
All around the vector. |
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Term
| What are the main virulence factors of infectious agents? |
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Definition
Adhesion factors
biofilms/capsules
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Immune evasion |
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