Tera Jasken

Disease: Ascariasis

Type of Microbe: Roundworm

Reservoir/Host: In the intestines of animals and humans. They transfer from host to host through fecal matter and contaminate dirt by laying eggs in it.

Transmission (Portals etc): Come in the body through the mouth and lay eggs throughout. They then come out in fecal matter and lay eggs in the dirt. The dirt is then contaminated and when touched, carries the eggs still and infects another organism through the mouth.

Symptoms: People infected with Ascaris often show no symptoms. If symptoms do occur they can be light and include abdominal discomfort. Heavy infections can cause intestinal blockage and impair growth in children. Other symptoms such as cough are due to migration of the worms through the body. (CDC)

Complications: It is a parasite. If not caught, it can be very dangerous to health as the eggs do not have a limit to how many can hatch in your body.

Mortality: An estimated 807-1,221 million people in the world are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. (CDC)

Treatment: Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment of Ascaris infections. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. (CDC)

Other interesting information: Ascariasis is the most common human worm infection.

Information Source: 

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/

Mary Gehrman

Disease: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABRA), Invasive Aspergillosis

Type of Microbe: Fungi

Reservoir/Host: Lives in soil, plants, rotting material, and dust in your home, carpeting, heating and air conditioning ducts

Transmission (Portals etc) Enters body when you breathe in fungal spores

Symptoms: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Allergic reaction to fungus in lungs, shortness of breath, and coughing. ABRA: Coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing. Invasive Aspergillous: Rapidly spreading, life threatening, fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, dry cough, cough blood. More Severe: Swollen eye, nosebleeds, difficulty breathing, paralysis of face muscles, and ulcers in mouth of chest wall.

Complications: Bone destruction, spread of infection, bleeding, systemic infection

Mortality: Invasive Aspergillous= 30% to 95%, Chronic necrotizing Aspergillus pneumonia= 10% to 40%

Treatment: Antifungal drugs, Voriconazole, Caspofungin, Amphotericin

Other interesting information: greatest frequency is in Idaho, South Dakota, and Wisconsin

[image]

Image Source: 

http://www.pfdb.net/photo/mirhendi_h/

box020909/standard/a_fumigatus_s.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/aspergillosis/

index.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/

aspergillosis/basics/complications/con-20030330

David Cooper

Microbe: Bacillus anthracis

Disease: Anthrax

Type of Microbe: Gram (+), rod-shaped bacterium

Reservoir/Host: Animals (humans, wildlife, livestock), can be found naturally in soil.

Transmission (Portals etc) Direct contact with spores, Inhaled or Ingested spores, Carried by another animal. Can enter host by skin, nose or mouth.

Symptoms: Depend on type and can take 1 day to 2 months to appear.

Cutaneous anthrax: Group of blisters or bumps that may itch. Painless skin ulcer with black center appears after small blisters. Most often appears on the face, neck, arms or hands. Swelling may occur.

Inhalation anthrax: Fever and chills, Chest discomfort, Shortness of breath, Confusion or dizziness, Cough, Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains, Headache, Sweats (often drenching), Extreme tiredness, Body aches

Gastrointestinal anthrax: Fever and chills, Swelling of neck or neck glands, Sore throat, Painful swallowing, Hoarseness, Nausea and vomiting, especially bloody vomiting, Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, Headache, Flushing (red face) and red eyes, Stomach pain, Fainting, Swelling of abdomen (stomach)

Injection anthrax (enters blood stream): Fever and chills, A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch, appearing where the drug was injected, A painless skin sore with a black center that appears after the blisters or bumps, Swelling around the sore, Abscesses deep under the skin or in the muscle where the drug was injected [Keep in mind: Symptoms are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax, but injection anthrax can spread throughout the body faster and be harder to recognize and treat than cutaneous anthrax. Skin and injection site infections associated with injection drug use are common and do not necessarily mean the person has anthrax.]

Complications: The most serious complication of anthrax is a fatal inflammation of the membranes and fluid covering the brain and spinal cord, leading to massive bleeding (hemorrhagic meningitis).

Mortality: The case fatality ratio for patients with appropriately treated cutaneous anthrax is usually less than 1%, but for inhalation or gastrointestinal disease it can exceed 50%. Case-fatality rates for inhalation anthrax are high, even with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care.

Treatment: All types of anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. Antitoxins may also be necessary. Serious cases require hospitalization and continuous fluid drainage and respiration assistance.

Other interesting information: Has been used in bioterrorism in the past including various US cities in 2001 by mail order. Japan tested its usefulness in 1930’s on prisoners of war.

Information sources: 

http://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/index.html

http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/

anthrax/technical.html 

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/anthrax/basics/complications/CON-20022705

Whitney Wivoda

Disease: Whooping Cough

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Spread from human to human from a cough or sneeze.

Symptoms: Runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, red and watery eyes, mild fever, and a dry cough.

Complications: In adults complications could be bruised or cracked ribs, abdominal hernias, or broken blood vessels in the skin or whites of your eyes. In infants the complications could be ear infections, pneumonia, slowed or stopped breathing, dehydration, seizures, or brain damage.

Mortality: It is estimated that 195,000 pertussis deaths in children occur each year globally.

Treatment: Infants are usually hospitalized for treatment. Older children and adults can usually be managed at home. Antibiotics can be prescribed, but over the counter medications to help the cough have little effect and are discouraged.

Vaccines are available.

Other interesting information: Despite generally high coverage with childhood pertussis vaccines, pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine preventable deaths worldwide. The whooping cough vaccine you receive as a child eventually wears off.

[image]

Image:

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/

health/adam/1054.jpg

Information Source(s):

http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/countries.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/whooping-cough/basics/definition/con-20023295

Mr. Jacob Carpenter

Disease: Lyme disease

Type of Microbe: Bacteria, spirochete

Reservoir/Host: Ticks/humans

Transmission: Tick bites from infected ticks

Symptoms: Bulls eye around bite, headache, muscle soreness, and fever

Complications: Coinfections and difficult diagnosis

Mortality: low if treated

Treatment: antibiotics; doxycycline

Other interesting information: All Borrelia are considered diderm (double-membrane) rather than gram positive or negative.

Information Source(s):

Mary Cosgrove

Microbe: Campylobacter jejuni

Disease: Campylobacteriosis

Type of Microbe: Gram negative slender, curved, and motile rod.

Reservoir/Host: Moves frequently between hosts

Transmission (Portals etc): fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, unpasteurized raw milk and poultry ingestion, waterborne

Symptoms: Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, muscle pain

Complications: Rarely any complications

Mortality: 1 death per 1,000 cases

Treatment: treatment with erythromycin reduces the length of time there is bacteria in the feces.

Other interesting information: 20-100% of retail chickens are contaminated with C. jejuni.

[image]

Image source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/d/df/ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg

Sources: http://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillness

contaminants/causesofillnessbadbugbook/ucm070024.htm

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/2/06-0620_article.htm

Charity Johnson

Disease: Yeast Fungal Infection / Thrush / Moniliasis

Type of Microbe: Fungus

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Present in the Mouth, Gut, and Vagina

Transmission: Skin and Mucous Membranes/Oral or Genital Mucosae

-One major cause is overuse of antibiotics, because bacteria that live in the skin and other places throughout the body help kill yeast. Taking antibiotics to kill off the harmful bacteria kills the harmless ones as well. Yeast is not affected by antibiotics, so when killing off the harmless bacteria, the yeast moves into their spots and starts to grow and multiply.

Symptoms: Pain and Inflammation

-Patch of red on the skin, cause irritation and itchiness, and often leaking fluids

-Vaginal Yeast infections: Slow leakage of thick, white, cheese-like substances. Also may itch and burn when going to the bathroom or sexual activity.

Complications: When left untreated for a long time it can be fatal. Candida will move to the blood stream and can settle in other parts of your body, resulting in complications such as: sinus problems, rashes, joint problems, and acne.

Mortality: NOT LETHAL

Treatment: Antifungal cream, powder, or pill

-Vaginal treatment: Antifungal medication; Administered by mouth or directly into the vagina as tablets, creams, or ointments.

Other interesting information:

Many species of Candida cause diseases

[image] [image] [image]

Information Source(s):

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075227-overview

http://chealth.canoe.ca/channel_condition_info_details.asp

?disease_id=26&channel_id=7&relation_id=55689#Facts

http://complicationsofcandidayeastinfection.blogspot.com/

2010/07/health-complications-of-candida-yeast.html

Image Sources:

http://www.owndoc.com/img/candida-gut.jpg

http://careman.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/candida1.jpg

http://www.thehealthsuccesssite.com/images/candida-oral-tongue.jpg

http://biomed.brown.edu/labs/bennett/img/ball-of-mating-candida-cells.jpg

Jessica Leverty

Microbe: Cestodes are Tapeworms

Disease: Gastrointestinal Infection. Disease is determined by symptoms and not just microbe.

Type of Microbe: Helminth

Reservoir: Pig/Cattle

Host : Humans

Transmission (Portals etc) Intermediate hosts ingest vegetation contaminated by parasite eggs. Tapeworm stays in pig or cattle and gets transmitted through uncooked meat to humans. Stay in intestines until passes through in feces.

Symptoms: asymptomatic, inflammation, abdominal discomfort, pain, vomiting, diarrhea and can even be fatal.

Mortality: One disease caused by cestodes, alveolar hydatid disease, 90 percent die if untreated within 10 yrs.

Treatment: Prazipuantel is the common drug to treat cestodes.

Other interesting information: Can grow up to 4 to even 8 meters long.

Adult cestodes can live in the small intestine for up to 25 years.

[image][image]

Images:

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/parasitology/Taenia-lc.gif

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/parasitology/tae7.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/biology.html

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/parasitology/cestodes.htm

Alberta Brunelle

Microbe: Chlamydia trachomatis

Disease: Chlamydia (STD)

Type of Microbe: It is a gram negative bacterium that infects the columnar epithelium of the cervix, urethra, and rectum as well as nongenital sites, such as the lungs and eyes.

Reservoir/Host: limited host range; only infects human epithelial cells, (with only one strain that can infect mice)

Transmission (Portals etc) The organism can be transmitted by droplets, hands, contaminated clothing, flies, and by passage through an infected birth canal. This is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the United States (4 million new cases each year) and 50 million new cases occuryearly worldwide, and is more prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America

Symptoms: In men the infection is usually symptomatic with dysuria and discharge from the penis if left untreated it can turn into epididymitis with symptoms that include scrotal pain and symptoms of lower urinary tract infection and fever. In women have minimal or no symptoms, some will experience pelvic inflammatory disease. Some women may experience abnormal vaginal discharge, and a burning sensation when urinating. Infants can have a staccato cough usually without wheezing or fever.

Complications: In men include: Epididymitis and orchitis. In women untreated infection can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In neonates and infants the bacterium can cause conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Both men and women can experience chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Adults can also experience conjunctivitis. Trachoma is a recurrent ocular infection caused by chlamydia and is endemic in the developing world.

Mortality: Mortality is very low as it is cured with antibiotics but reinfection is highly likely.

Treatment: options for uncomplicated urogenital infections include a single 1-g dose of azithromycin orally, or doxycycline at a dosage of 100 mg orally twice per day for seven days. The recommended treatment during pregnancy is erythromycin base or amoxicillin

Other interesting information: C. trachomatis infects non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells. The organisms stimulate the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes which leads to lymphoid follicle formation and fibrotic changes. The clinical manifestations result from destruction of the cells and the host inflammatory response. Infection does not stimulate long lasting immunity and reinfection results in a inflammatory response and subsequent tissue damage.

[image]

Image Source: http://www.aryanunion.org/wp-content/

uploads/2014/02/Chlamydia-in-Pregnancy.png

Sources:

http://www.aafp.org/afp/viewRelatedDocumentsByMesh.htm?meshId=D002692

http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamyd.htm

Madeline Stander

Disease: botulism

Type of Microbe: gram + bacillus bacteria

Reservoir/Host: It is most commonly found in soil and agricultural products. Spores have been found in marine sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals, including fish.

Transmission (Portals etc) he botulinum toxin has been found in a variety of foods, including low-acid preserved vegetables, such as green beans, spinach, mushrooms, and beets; fish, including canned tuna, fermented, salted and smoked fish; and meat products, such as ham and sausage. The food implicated differs between countries and reflects local eating habits and food preservation procedures. Occasionally, commercially prepared foods are involved. In addition wound blotulism is transmitted particularly when injecting black tar heroin.

Symptoms: double vision, dysphagia and dry mouth. It can be followed by descending flaccid paralysis which may be associated with respiratory paralysis and result in death. Fever is absent unless a complicating infection occurs

Begins with constipation followed by lethargy, listlessness, poor feeding, ptosis, difficulty swallowing and generalized muscle weakness known as ‘floppy baby’.

Complications: Difficulty speaking, trouble swallowing, long lasting weakness, fatigue and shortness of breath.

Mortality: 7.5%

Treatment: antitoxins that block the neurotoxins, induced vomiting, enemas, wounds are treated surgically

Other interesting information: doesn’t survive in acid.

[image]

Image source:

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/7/77/

B2201272-Clostridium_botulinum_bacteria-SPL.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.medicinenet.com/botulism/page5.htm#

how_is_botulism_treated

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs270/en/

Whitney Kubat

 Disease: pseudomembranous colitis

 Type of Microbe: gram-positive spore forming bacillus

 Reservoir/Host: Any surface, device, or material (e.g., toilets, bathing tubs, and electronic rectal thermometers) that becomes contaminated with feces may serve as a reservoir for the Clostridium difficile spores.

 Transmission (Portals etc.): fecal-oral andassociated with hospital patients on antibiotic therapy. Clostridium difficile spores are transferred to patients mainly via the hands of healthcare personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item. Clostridium difficile can live for long periods on surfaces.

 Symptoms: Watery diarrhea (at least three bowel movements per day for two or more days), fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain/tenderness.

 Complications: Dehydration from severe diarrhea.Kidney failure. Toxic megacolon - colon is unable to expel gas and stool, causing it to becomegreatly distended. Left untreated, your colon canrupture. A hole in your large intestine (bowel perforation) - can spill bacteria from the intestine into your abdominal cavity, leading to a life-threatening infection (peritonitis). Death - even mild to moderate C. difficile infections can quickly progress to a fatal disease if not treated promptly.

Mortality: Causes 14,000 American deaths each year. Mortality rate of 6.9% at 30 days after diagnosis and 16.7% at 1 year.

Treatment: In about one in four patients, Clostridium difficile infection will resolve within 2-3 days of discontinuing the antibiotic to which the patient was previously exposed. Clostridium difficile is generally treated for 10 days with antibiotics prescribed by your healthcare provider.

 Other interesting information: infection has jumped from hospital and hospital-like environments to the community.

[image]

[image]

Image Sources:

http://www.mrsasurvivors.org/mrsa/wp-

content/uploads/2010/12/C-Diff-Photo-300x225.jpg

http://www.naspghan.org/user-assets/Images/gallery_

Endoscopic/March%202011/Clostridium%

20difficile%20colitis%20-%202.jpg

Information Sources: 

http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cdiff/

Cdiff-patient.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/

c-difficile/basics/complications/con-20029664

The Microbial Challenge, Chapter 9 p. 192

http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/

surveillance/hai/cdiff.htm

Andrew Solseth

Disease: C. perfringens food poisioning (very common) - - can also cause Gas Gangrene (uncommon in the US)

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans and Animals, Lives in intestines and prefers little to no oxygen.

Transmission (Portals etc): From food to humans. Cannot be transmitted human to human.

Symptoms: Common symptoms include cramping of the abdomen and diarrhea in as little as 6 hours

Complications: Dehydration

Mortality: Death occurs in <0.03%

Treatment: Oral rehydration and electrolyte replacement

Other interesting information: The disease rarely lasts more than 24 hours. Food cooked needs to be kept above 140 degrees F or below 40 degrees F. Otherwise C. perfringens has a good chance of multiplying rapidly and producing the spore toxin that is what makes humans sick.

[image]

Image Source: 

http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/images/clos1.png

Information Source(s):

http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/clostridium-perfingens.html#common

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6132a1.htm

Mr. Hing

Disease: Tetanus

Christine George

Microbe: Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Disease: Diphtheria.

Type of Microbe: Bacteria.

Reservoir/Host: Humans.

Transmission (Portals etc) It is most commonly spread person to person through respiratory droplets via coughing or sneezing.

Symptoms: Weakness, sore throat, swollen glands, fever.

Complications: Blocking airway, myocarditis, inflammation of nerves that can lead to nerve damage, paralysis, lung infection, pneumonia, respiratory failure.

Mortality: With treatment, 1 in 10 patients will die, and without treatment, 1 in 2 will die.

Treatment: Two possible treatments include: using the diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria and using antibiotics to kill the bacteria.

Other interesting information: There is a vaccination for the bacteria that is extremely effective. Before the vaccination, mortality rates were higher. Most children will get a 5-series vaccination over the course of their childhood, and will receive a booster in their teen years.

Information Source(s):

http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/prevention.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/basics/causes/con-20022303

Angela Dombkowski

Classification

Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Basidiomycota

Class: Tremellomycetes

Order: Tremellales

Family: Tremellaceae

Genus: Cryptococcus

Species: neoformans

Disease: Meningitis, meningo-encephalitis in people with HIV/AIDS

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc) via inhalation

Symptoms: Blurred vision, bone pain, chest pain, confusion, fever, nausea, headache, sweating, swollen glands, weight loss, and possible neurological symptoms.

Complications: May spread to brain or spinal cord with patients with weakened immune systems.

Mortality: CNS complications can involve death.

Treatment: Healthy immune systems usually don’t involve treatment. Weakened immune systems require antifungal prescription medications.

Other interesting information: There are 37 types of recognized species of Cryptococcus. The majority of them lives in the soil, and is not harmful to humans.

Information Sources:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/

PMH0002304/#adam_001328.disease.symptoms

http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-00&doc=

kb-05-02-05

Caroline Rasinski

Disease: Cryptosporidiosis- diarrheal disease

Type of Microbe: Protozoan

Reservoir/Host: soil, food, water, contaminated surfaces/humans and animals

Transmission (Portals etc.): fecal-oral

Symptoms: watery diarrhea, stomach cramps or pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss

Complications: Pregnant women and children are more susceptible to dehydration and should drink plenty of fluids. Immunocompromised people (AIDS, cancer and transplant patients, weakened immune system) have a greater chance of developing a more serious disease. The small intestine is usually the system that is affected, but Crypto could also affect other areas of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract.

Mortality: Immunocompromised: 52-68%; most people with healthy immune systems recover from the disease

Treatment: drink plenty of fluids and anti-diarrheal medication (consult physician before taking)

Other interesting information: Sometimes referred to as “Crypto”. Nationally notifiable disease, transferable from animals to humans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the most common for causing disease in humans, and its tough outer shell allows it to survive for a long time in the environment. Because of this it can survive even in properly chlorinated pools.

[image]

Image source: 

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/9/99/

CryptosporidiumParvum.jpg/300px-

CryptosporidiumParvum.jpg

Information Sources: 

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/gen_info/index.html 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9143715

Chelsea Scapanski

Disease: Dengue hemorrhagic fever

Type of Microbe: virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans, mosquitos

 Transmission (Portals etc): Cannot spread from person to person. Transmitted to people by an Aedes mosquito bite that is infected with the dengue virus.

Symptoms: Fever, severe pain behind the eyes, severe headache, joint, muscle and bone pain, mild bleeding in the nose, eyes and gums

Dengue hemorrhagic fever: fever lasting up to 7 days - - as the fever subsides vomiting, difficulty breathing, and abdominal painCapillaries become permeable which can lead to shock, circulatory failure and death.

 Complications: Organ impairment, plasma leaks, shock

 Mortality: Of 500,000 people 2.5%

 Treatment: No specific medications available for treatment. Take pain relievers with acetaminophen, drink lots of fluids, and rest.

 Other interesting information: No vaccine. Prevention by controlling the mosquito population, 4 serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4

[image]

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/Dengue/faqFacts/index.html

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/

Image:

http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/images/flavi_virion.png

Ashley Angevine

Disease: Guinea worm disease

Type of Microbe: Helminth

Reservoir/Host: Humans become infected by drinking unfiltered water containing copepods which are infected with larvae of Dracunulus.medinensis

Transmission (Portals etc) After copepods are ingested they die and release larvae that penetrate the host’s stomach and intestinal wall and enter the abdominal cavity. After the worms mature, the male worms die and the female worms move toward the skin surface. About a year after infection, the female worm induces a blister on the skin, which will rupture. When the sore comes into contact with water, the female worm emerges and releases larvae. The larvae are then ingested by a copepod and develop into infective larvae.

Symptoms: Painful burning blister on the skin, Fever, Rash, Vomiting, Dizziness and Diarrhea

Complications: GWD does not show any symptoms for a year and then forms a painful blister. After the blister pops and the larvae are releases the site often becomes infected. GWD is only common in poor counties that do not have access to clean drinking water. Death rates are low from GWD but it can cause pain and disability for more than two months.

Mortality: In 1986, there were about 3.5 million GWD cases per year in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Today, GWD affects poor communities in remote parts of Africa that do not have safe water to drink Only 542 cases werereported worldwide in 2012.

Treatment: The effected area is submerges in water to encourage the worm to come out. Then, the wound is cleaned and the worm is pulled out. It could take several days because you do not want to tear the worm. After the worm is out, topical antibiotics are applies and the site is bandaged to prevent infection.

Other interesting information: Guinea Worm Eradication Program was created to monitor contamination, provide safe drinking water, control contamination and educate the population on prevention. Before the beginning of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program there were over 3.5 million cases of GWD, but in 2012 there were only 543 cases.

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/epi.html

[image]

http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/dracunculus.jpg

[image]

http://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF7CED35-AA76-4D58-B1C994A11960B9DD.jpg

Eric Thayer

Microbe: There are 5 Ebola Viruses strains, 4 of which actually cause the human disease. These 4 are; Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus. The fifth virus which is though to be non-affecting for humans is called the Reston virus.

Disease: Ebola virus disease also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Reservoir- plants, arthropods, birds, and most notably bats. Host- non-human primates and humans have had the virus. The virus can be transmitted to dogs and pigs as well.

Transmission (Portals etc): transmission is through bodily fluids.

Symptoms: sudden flu-like symptoms; malaise, chills, hemorrhagic fever, chest pain, nausea, GI irritability, dyspnea, fatigue, headache, depression, agitation, confusion, redskin rash, hemorrhagic symptoms.

Complications: multiple organ dysfunction and hemorrhagic fever. Ebola Virus Disease also causes many secondary conditions such as infections, which can be considered complications.

Mortality: During the 2012 outbreak, there were 32 confirmed deaths from the Ebola virus, and a mortality rate of about 70%. The strain of Ebola that broke out in Zaire had a mortality rate of around 90%.

Treatment: No therapy for Ebola Virus Disease exists, so treatment is basically just to support the patient and provide other preventative measures. Treatment such as balance fluids and electrolytes, minimize invasive procedures, prevent DIC, control hemorrhaging, maintain good oxygen levels, control pain, treat any infections.

Other interesting information: the name comes from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All ebola epidemics have occurred in hospitals with poor hygiene and sanitation standards. Ebola Virus disease has an incubation period of about 13 days. Bats drop partially eaten food, which then comes in contact with a terrestrial mammal such as a gorilla who then eats the droppings. Then, the humans come in contact with that mammal’s carcass and contract the virus, and then spread person-to-person. It is rare that humans get the virus from a reservoir.

Information Source(s):

 "Ebola Outbreak Spreads". Associated Press – The Express. July 31, 2012.

Wamala, J; Lukwago, L; Malimbo, M; Nguku, P; Yoti, Z; Musenero, M; Amone, J; Mbabazi, W; Nanyunja, M; Zaramba, S;Opio, A; Lutwama, J; Talisuna, A; Okware, I; (2010).  http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/7/1087.htm

Nkoghé, D.; Formenty, P.; Nnégué, S.; Mvé, M. T.; Hypolite, I.; Léonard, P.; Leroy, E.; Comité International de Coordination Technique et Scientifique (2004). "Practical guidelines for the management of Ebola infected patients in the field".Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial 64 (2): 199–204.

Eichner, Martin; Dowell, Scott F.; Firese, Nina (2011). "Incubation Period of Ebola Hemorrhagic Virus Subtype Zaire OH AND BRETT". Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4484494.stm

Katie Olson

Disease: Amebiasis

Type of Microbe: Parasitic Protozoan

Reservoir/Host: Lumen of colon and caecum

Transmission (Portals, etc): Ingestion of cystic form of protozoa

Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, Diarrhea, fatigue, excessive gas, Abdominal tenderness, bloody stools, fever, vomiting

Complications: Liver abscess, spread of parasite through blood to liver, lungs, brain or other organs, medication side effects including nausea

Mortality: 40,000-120,000 per year

Treatment: Metronidazole for ten days followed by paromomycin ordiloxanide.

Other interesting Information: More common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions. Infected people do not always become sick

[image]

Image source:

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/amebiasis/home_page_image_amebiasis.jpg

Information sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/amebiasis/

http://www.atlas-protozoa.com/Entamoebahistolytica.php

Jessia Stock

Disease: pinworm

Type of Microbe: parasite

Reservoir/Host: all people, mostly children

Transmission (Portals etc) ingesting directly or indirectly

Symptoms: itchy anal region, teeth grinding, insomnia and abdominal pain

Complications: infections of genital area for male and female

Mortality: not deadly

Treatment: medications such as mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate and albendazole.

Other interesting information: impossible to ingest while breathing because the eggs are so small

[image]

Information Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/epi.html

Image: http://selfcarers.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/How-to-get-rid-of-Pinworms.gif

Natalie Koan

Disease: infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

Type of Microbe: Virus

 Reservoir/Host: Humans

 Transmission (Portals etc): saliva (most likely from kissing), blood, semen, organ transplants, using a toothbrush or sharing a glass with those infected

 Symptoms: fatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, rash, malaise

 Complications: Can lead to two rare forms of cancer (Burkitt’slymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma)

 Mortality: Very low death rate, however it is estimated that 95% of adults have been infected with it, and most people will contract it in their lifetime.

 Treatment: There are no specific treatments or vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus, but there are things you can do to relieve the symptoms. Drink fluids, get proper sleep, over-the-counter meds for pain and to reduce fever.

 Other interesting information: Incubation period: 7-14 days for children, but 30-50 days for adults, and it can be as an epidemic or in single cases. It is found all over the world, and lays inactive in the body after you become infected, but may be spread if the virus is reactivated. Is mainly spread by healthy carriers until the symptoms come in.

[image][image]

Image Links:

http://fooddrugallergy.ucla.edu/images/site/EBV-rash.jpg

http://www.immunopaedia.org.za/typo3temp/pics/

99b226bd9a.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html

http://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/408/44.html

Nicole Crocker

Microbe: Escherichia coli O157-H7 

Disease: EHEC (Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli)

Type of Microbe: Bacterium

Reservoir/Host: Commonly found in the guts of humans and other warm-blooded animals.

Transmission: Transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or fluid, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products, raw milk and contaminated raw vegetables and sprouts.

Symptoms: Abdominal cramps and diarrhea, which may be bloody. Fever and vomiting may also occur.

Complications: Most healthy adults recover from E. coli infection within a week. But some people – particularly young children and other adults – may develop a life-threatening form of kidney failure.

 Treatment: Antibiotics are not part of the treatment of patients with EHEC disease and may possibly increase the risk of subsequent HUS (hemolyticuremic syndrome).

[image]

Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/3/32/EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg

Information sources:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs125/en/

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/

e-coli/basics/complications/con-20032105

Jeffrey Horn

Disease: Giardiasis

Type of Microbe: Flagellated protozoan

Reservoir/Host: Infected humans, cats, dogs, livestock, deer, muskrats, beavers and numerous other animals.

Transmission: (Portals etc) Consuming infected drinking water, and fecal-oral route.

Symptoms: Primarily diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps, bloating, gas, fatigue, and weight loss. Can also cause itchy skin, hives, and swelling of the eyes or joints, although less frequently.

Complications: Untreated cases can result in malnutrition, as giardiasis can reduce the bodies’ ability to absorb fats, lactose, and certain vitamins as well. Untreated cases in children can cause disruptions in mental and physical growth and can negatively impact development.

Mortality: Non-fatal but morbidity rates range from 0.1-23.5 cases per 100,000 per year.

Treatment: Most common treatments include the drugs metronidazole,tinidazole, and nitazoxanide.

Other interesting information: Day care centers, and public pools can also cause outbreaks due to fecal contamination. Giardia cysts must be filtered from water as they are not destroyed by the chlorination process.

[image]

Image Source:

http://trialx.com/g/Giardia_Infection-2.jpg

Information Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/

Davis Mills

Disease: The bacteria infects the inner lining of the stomach. Major cause of Peptic Ulcers

Type of Microbe: Spiral shaped, gram negative Bacterium.

Reservoir/Host: Human stomach/Human, Helicobacter pylori is thought to be indigenous to the human population.

Transmission (Portals etc) Human to human [Examples include Oral-Oral or Fecal-Oral]

Symptoms: gnawing or burning abdominal pain, severe nausea, and vomiting. Some people will have no symptoms at all.

Complications: Ulcers, Inflammation of the stomach lining, and certain types of stomach cancer

Mortality: Very low, approximately 2%-4%

Treatment: Involves taking a combination of several medications for 7 to 14 days, usually involves a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotic medications.

- Proton pump inhibitor’s decrease the stomachs production of acid to allow the damaged tissue to heal

- Examples of antibiotics used are amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline

-two or more antibiotics are used because it reduces the risk of antibiotic failure and resistance.

Other interesting information: Over 50% of the world's population is thought to be infected by this bacterium

[image]

Image Source: 

http://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/helicobacter-pylori.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/h-pylori/basics/definition/con-20030903

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/h-pylori-helicobacter-pylori

http://www.medicinenet.com/helicobacter_pylori/article.htm

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/h-pylori-cancer

http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/files/hpfacts.pdf

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/helicobacter-

pylori-infection-and-treatment-beyond-the-basics

Michelle Poirot

Disease: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E

Type of Microbe: Virus (though D is considered a subviral satelite because it can only replicate in host cells that are also infected with Hep B virus)

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Each strain of Hepatitis is transmitted a different way:

A: Ingesting fecal matter or contaminated food/drink, close person-person contact

B: Contact with semen, blood or other body fluids, sharing needles to inject drugs with an infected person, and from infected mother to fetus

C: Contact with an infected person’s blood, sharing needs for injecting drugs

D: Contact with an infected person’s blood

E: Ingestion of fecal matter, poor sanitation

Symptoms: the most common symptoms that many people report with hepatitis are flu-like symptoms, and less common symptoms include: dark urine, light-colored stools, fever, jaundice
Complications: liver cancer, liver failure, cirrhosis (permanent liver damage), kidney problems 
Mortality: About 600,000 people die each year from Acute/Chronic Hepatitis B and 350,000 people die from chronic hepatitis C. 
Treatment: Each strain of hepatitis requires a different form of treatment:

A: isn’t really treated; bed rest and a special diet are recommended 
B: doesn’t require special treatment, anti-viral medication is prescribed 
C: Antiviral medications and if the liver is to damaged a liver transplant may be needed
D: medication called alpha interferon; the Public Health Agency of Canada reports that 60 to 97% of people develop Hepatitis D again after treatment
E: no specific medications or treatment, it is so acute that it resolves itself

Vaccines are only available in the US for Hepatitis A and B. It is recommended that all children should get this vaccine, adults that are at risk, and travelers going to certain countries.

Other interesting information: Hepatitis A, B and C are the most common; all hepatitis viruses can cause acute hepatitis; Hepatitis B and C can cause chronic hepatitis 

[image]

[image][image]

Image Sources:

http://www.cambodiafirstclinic.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/06/HepB.jpg

http://www.utopiasilver.com/images/testimonialimages/

hepc_clip_image004.jpg

http://medimoon.com/wp-

content/uploads/2012/07/hepatitis-b.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.medicinenet.com/viral_hepatitis/page3.htm#

what_are_the_symptoms_and_signs_of_viral_hepatitis

http://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis#Treatments 

http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/PublicInfo.htm

Breanne Columbus

Disease: Histoplasmosis

 Type of Microbe: Fungus

 Reservoir/Host: Humans

 Transmission (Portals etc): Histoplasmosis is caused by breathing in the spores of the Histoplasma fungus. The spores are found in bird and bat droppings. When soil that contains bird and bat droppings is stirred up the spores can become airborne. The type of soil that is most likely to contain the Histoplasma fungus is damp soil that is contains a lot of organic material.

Symptoms: Some people have no symptoms while some get a severe infection. The people who usually get a severe infection are infants and those with compromised immune systems. Some of the symptoms of Histoplasmosis are fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, dry cough, joint pain and chest discomfort. It is said that if flu-like symptoms start it would be good to see a doctor.

Complications: Histoplasmosis can cause Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pericarditis, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Meningitis.

Mortality: Histoplasmosis can cause a severe infection, and if not treated, that infection can lead to death. But there are treatments for all severitiesof the disease.

Treatment: For mild cases of histoplasmosis no treatment is needed. But for severe cases or for the chronic or disseminated forms of the disease antifungal drugs are used to treat it.

[image]

[image]

Image Sources:

http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/hist11.jpg

http://classes.midlandstech.com/carterp/courses/

bio225/chap24/24-18_Histoplasmosis.jpg

Information Source(s): 

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/

histoplasmosis/basics/definition/con-20026585

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/histoplasmosis

http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/

statistics.html

Brettany Warren

Disease: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) 

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Human to human contact in a variety of ways such as unprotected sex, blood, sharing contaminated syringes, and between mother and child during pregnancy, child birth and breastfeeding.

Symptoms of HIV infection: Some people don’t experience any initial symptoms, but when symptoms occur it is like having the flu with a fever, headache, rash or sore throat.

Complications: If this virus goes without treatment, AIDS can occur. The infected person can get tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and some cancers.

Mortality: more than 36 million people have died from the HIV virus so far. In 2012 1.6 million died of AIDS related causes.

Treatment: So far there is no cure but there are steps that can be taken to prevent the spread of the virus.

There is a drug called ART (antiretroviral therapy) which stops the replication of HIV in the body and allows the immune system to strengthen.

Practicing safe sex will also prevent the spreading of HIV to your partner.

Other interesting information: More than 35 million people are currently living with HIV. 2.1 million of the 35 million are adolescents.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region with 1 in 20 adults living with HIV. 69% percent of the world's HIV positive population is living there.

Information Source:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/

[image]

Images: 

http://granddebate.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/the-hiv-aids-virus.gif

Abby Everson

Disease: Influenza A - - The Swine Flu Variant

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: the reservoir and host can be human or swine.

Transmission (Portals etc): It is transmitted from infected pigs to humans, and infected humans to other humans and pigs.

Symptoms: Fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue, and it is possible for diarrhea and vomiting to occur.

Complications: you can develop pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus, and ear infections. Which can be life threatening for certain types of people like the elderly, children and people with asthma.

Mortality: The mortality rates numbers were inconclusive.

Treatment: There are four different types of antiviral drugs that can be used.

Other interesting information: The virus can survive on a surface for 2 to 8 hours. Flu shots have a form of this virus in it to help protect us from it. It’s was thought that this virus was a variant virus of swine flu.

[image]

Image Sources:

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ww6dPuZBPUc/

S3GWd2XcRqI/AAAAAAAAABU/TiXC5f_X1tQ/

s400/capt_photo_1241489034431-1-0.jpg

Information Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/symptoms.htm

Sarah Kassube

Microbe: Legionella pneumophila

Disease: Legionnaires' Disease (Also called Legionellosis)

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Reservoirs- Hot Tubs, Shower Heads, Water Fountains, Cooling Systems, Hot Springs, Spa Tools, Decorative Fountains, etc.

Host- Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Inhaling water droplets containing the bacterium. Person-person contact transmission doesn’t exist with Legionella.

Symptoms: Cough, Shortness of Breath, High Fever, Muscle Aches, and Headaches

Complications: Lung Failure & Death (5-30%)

Mortality: Death (5-30%) of cases

Treatment: Legionnaires’ Disease is treated with antibiotics and all most always requires a hospital stay, but it will be cured with antibiotics.

Other interesting information: Most cases of this disease are linked to hot tubs and people who smoke or are older are at higher risk. Legionella was discovered in 1976.

[image]

Image source: http://www.h2ocostreduction.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/legionellabacteria.jpg

Information Sources: 

http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/index.html

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/legionellosis-legionnaires-disease-and-pontiac-fever

http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/7-things-to-know-about-legionnaires-disease-1.1134849

Maisy Vang

Disease: Listeriosis, Food Poisoning

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: soil, water, may be found in feces of animals and man, vegetation, parasitic to cold and warm blooded animal including humans (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, placenta, fetus), monocyte of host

Transmission (Portals etc): Food Borne, consumtion contaminated food

Symptoms: Fever, Stiff neck, confusion, weakness, nausea,vomiting, diarrhea , some may result in spontaneous abortions or still birth in pregnant women

Mortality: 1600 cases, 260 Deaths

Treatment: antibiotics

Other interesting information: More predominant in Adults, pregnant women, fetuses or new borns, and those with weak immune systems. Listeria can grow and multiply in cold conditions. Some cases can cause meningitis, septicemia, and encephalitis, intrauterine or cervical cancer in pregnant women.

Image source:

Information Sources:

http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants

/CausesOfIllnessBadBugBook/ucm070064.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html

Andrew Middlebrook

Disease: Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (MHF)

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Monkeys, chimps, fruit bats

Transmission (Portals etc): Blood and feces. There is no evidence to suggest that insects would not be able to 

transmit the virus

Symptoms: Start within five to ten days with: fever; muscle and joint pain, and headaches; chills; sore throat; and weakness. 

Will over time develop into: Nausea and vomiting; diarrhea; 

bleeding from the mouth, nose, ears, eyes, and rectum; 

chest and abdominal pain; and rash.

Complications: Organ failure; severe bleeding; shock; jaundice; 

delirium;seizures; and coma.

Mortality: Outbreaks have ranged from 23% during the first 

outbreak to 90% in an outbreak in Angola from 2004-05

Treatment: There are no antivirals for MHF

[image]

[image]

[image]

Image Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/images/

pathimag/Marburg-ems.jpg

http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/GlobalMarburg

OutbreakRisk_20090510.png?ua=1

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/

Marburg_em1986.png

Information Sources: 

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebola-

virus/basics/definition/con-20031241

http://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/en/

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/

dispages/marburg/marburgtable.htm

Samantha Vang

Disease: Measles/ Rubeola

 Type of Microbe: Virus

 Reservoir/Host: Human

 Transmission (Portals etc): respiratory system, coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions

 Symptoms: High fever, runny nose, cough, rash all over the body

 Complications: Ear infection, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, death, pregnant women can have a miscarriage or give birth prematurely.

 Mortality: In 2008 there were 164,000 deaths globally, about 450 deaths daily. In 2012 there were 122,000 deaths globally, about 330 deaths daily.

 Treatment: Vitamin A supplement doses. Vaccine is available, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV)

. No specific antiviral treatment exists.

 Other interesting information: Worldwide, there are estimated to be 20 million cases each year. Use of measles vaccine has led to a greater than 99% reduction in measles cases in the United States compared with the pre-vaccine era, however measles is still common in other countries.

Source 1:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/

Source 2: 

http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/overview.html

Images:

[image]

Large measles outbreaks in 2012 by WHO region:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2014/

measles-outbreaks-who-region.jpg

[image]

After 3 days of measles infection (rash)

http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20030213/22/

PHIL_3168_lores.jpg

[image]

Ultrastructure appearance of a single virus particle, of measles virus.

http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/8429/8429_lores.jpg

Monica Wold

Disease: Mumps 

Type of Microbe: paramyxoviruses (virus)

Reservoir/Host: Salivary glands/Humans are the host

Transmission (Portals etc): spread directly from one person to another via respiratory droplets.The droplets may land on fomites (sheets, pillows, clothing) and then be transmitted via hand-to-mouth contact after touching such items.

Symptoms: low-grade fever, headache, malaise, muscle aches, and loss of appetite

Complications: meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and orchitis

Mortality: The case fatality rate for mumps encephalitis is 1.4 percent, while the overall mumps case fatality rate is reported as 1.8 per 10,000 cases

Treatment: There are no specific treatments for mumps. Fevers can be treated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and swollen glands can be soothed with warm or cold packs. Avoid sour or acidic foods that may aggravate pain in the salivary glands.

Other interesting information: Has an incubation time of 14-18 days from exposure to onset of symptoms. 

[image]

Image source: 

 http://www.columbia.k12.mo.us/fie/jgerhart/webquests

/I%20Need%20a%20Doctor/images/hammerstein%201.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.medicinenet.com/mumps/page2.htm#what_is_mumps

http://infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/diseasesbyname/a/Mumps.htm

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mumps/Pages/Causes.aspx

https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/11mumps.pdf

Abby Anderson

Microbe: Mycobacterium leprae

Disease: Leprosy

Type of Microbe: bacteria

Reservoir/Host: animals (armadillo, mice) & humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Respiratory system (mouth & nose) through nasal droplets & possible transmission through broken skin

Symptoms: skin lesions, loss of peripheral nerve sensation, upper airway constriction

Complications: peripheral neurological damage which causes sensory loss in skin as well as muscle weakness. May result in loss of use of hands and feet.

Mortality: less than 1%. 1 death per million people.

Treatment: Multidrug therapy (MDT). Combination of rifampicin, clofazimine & dapsone

Other interesting information: As of 2013 115 countries and territoriesofficially reported the global registered prevalence of leprosy at 189,018 cases. A drop from 232,857 cases registered in 2012.

Information Source(s): 

http://www.who.int/lep/en/

http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/leprosy/understanding/

pages/whatis.aspx

[image]

Territories are sized in proportion to the absolute number of people who died from leprosy in one year.

Image(s): http://www.worldmapper.org/images/

largepng/396.png

Carissa Jacobson

Disease: Tuberculosis

Type of Microbe: Bacterium 

Reservoir/Host: Humans- usually the lungs, but can also affect other body parts such as the brain, spine, or kidneys. Can also be dormant in the body (latent).

Transmission (Portals etc) Breathing in air from infected person

Symptoms: bad cough lasting more than three weeks, chest pain, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness, weight loss, poor appetite, chills, fever, night sweats

Complications: If medication is misused or abused, the TB may become drug resistant. There are also strains of multidrug resistant TB.

Mortality: In 2012, around 1.3 million people died TB related deaths. In that year, around 9 million people were infected. TB is the leading cause of death for people who suffer from HIV.

Treatment: Lasts 6-9 months. Latent (dormant) TB: isoniazid, rifampin, and rifapentine. TB Disease: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.

Other interesting information: higher rates in African Americans, children, and international travelers. Can be tested for TB with a skin test or a blood test. There is a vaccine (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) available for TB but it is not widely used in the U.S.

 [image]

Image: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/MTBCDC.jpg

Information Source: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/

Jenna Zimmerman

 Disease: atypical bacterial pneumonia

 Type of Microbe: bacterium

 Reservoir/Host: humans

 Transmission (Portals etc): person to person through respiratory secretions and is also airborne. 1-4 week incubation period.

 Symptoms: upper respiratory infections: fever, headache, malasia,chills, chest pain, fatigue, dry cough and excess sweating.

 Complications: ear infections, skin rashes, severe pneumonia, hemolytic anemia, encephalitis (brain swelling), renal dysfunction

 Mortality: 1.4%

 Treatment: antibiotics, get plenty of rest, and drink lots of fluids.

 Other interesting information: In healthy adults the immune system is capable of fighting off the infection before it becomes infectious. It is the leading cause of pneumonia in school-age children. 2 million cases are recorded each year and only 100,000 individuals require hospitialization for this disease.

[image]

Image Source:

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcQrWNc8uUiVrLZ7xKipDn7x0Z4-

DRmGtsxA4RppFxW914WhMpNRtw

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/

mycoplasmapneum_t.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/

000082.htm

http://www.fpnotebook.com/lung/bacteria/mycplsm

pnmn.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/

about/treatment-complications.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/

about/prevention.html

Jordan Carstensen

Disease: Necatoriasis

Type of Microbe: Worm

Reservoir/Host: Humans, Dogs, Cats

Transmission (Portals etc) Fecal/Oral transmission

Symptoms: often asymptomatic

Complications: muscular damage

Mortality: very low, over infestation can cause complications leading to death

Treatment Albedazole

[image]

Image: http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/images/hookworm/

A_caninum_head.jpg

Information Source:

http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hookworm/tx.html

Jenna Sanoski

Disease: Gonorrhea

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): contact through the mouth, vagina, penis or anus

Symptoms: (possible for this disease to be asymptomatic)

in men: burning while urinating, need to urinate more often, discharge from penis (white, yellow, or green in color), red or swollen urethra, tender testicles, sore throat.

in women: vaginal discharge, burning while urination, increased urination, sore throat, painful sexual intercourse, severe pain in lower abdomen, fever

Complications: Pregnant women may pass the disease to their baby while in the womb or during delivery, scarring or narrowing of the urethra in men, collection of pus around the urethra in men

Mortality: Not a high mortality rate, but has a high prevalence rate

Treatment: Antibiotics by mouth, injection, or IV if serious enough.

Other interesting information: Other names include "the clap" and "drip"; most commonly reported STI in the USA

Information Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004526/

Emily Olson

Disease: meningitis

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions like spit. Portals include the mouth and nostrils.

Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light, altered mental status

Complications: Brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities

Mortality: 9% to 12%

Treatment: Anitbiotics

Other interesting information: Infants are at higher risk, travelers to the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa may be at risk. In the U.S. about 4,100 cases were reported yearly including 500 deaths each year between the years of 2003-2007.

[image]

Image source: 

http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/

N.meningitidis.jpg

Information Source: 

http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html

Emily Brown

Microbe: Norwalk virus

Disease: You can get it from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces.

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: usually humans or food that is contaminated.

Transmission (Portals etc) by mouth from stool or vomiting which happens when touching surface or objects with norovirus then putting your fingers in your mouth.

 Symptoms: The virus causes your stomach or intestines or both to get inflamed (acute gastroenteritis). This leads you to have stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea and to throw up. Dehydration can be deadly.

 Complications: spreads rapidly especially in daycares, schools, and nursing homes.

 Mortality: Each year, it causes 19-21 million illnesses and contributes to 56,000-71,000 hospitalizations and 570-800 deaths.

 Treatment: no specific medicine, because norwalk virus is viral it cannot be treated with antibiotics. drinking lots of fluids helps lessen chance of dehydration.

 Other interesting information: you are most contagious when you are sick and the 3 days after you recover

[image]

Image: http://www.virology.wisc.edu/virusworld/PS10/

norwalk_virus.jpg

Information Source(s): http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/overview.html

Eric Stefanich

Disease: Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness)

Type of Microbe: parasitic worm

Reservoir/Host: Simulium blackflies, humans

Transmission (Portals etc): The blackflies that transmit parasite bite during the day. If a blackfly bites an infected person, Onchocerciasis larvae can be ingested by the blackfly. These larvae develop and become infective for humans in 10-12 days and then can be transmitted back to humans when the blackfly bites again. Humans become infected when the blackflies deposit the larvae into the skin when the flies bite to extract blood. Once inside the human body the larvae mature into adults in 3 months to a year. Worms live in fibrous nodules under skin and sometimes in muscles and joints. Inside the nodules the worms are relatively safe from the human immune response.

Symptoms: Some people don't experience symptoms while infected with O. volvulus, because the larvae can migrate through the body without initiating a response from immune system. Those who have symptoms show signs of itchy skin rashes, nodules under the skin, and vision changes.

Complications: The inflammation caused by larvae that die in the eye can initially result in reversible lesions on the cornea that without treatment progress to permanent clouding of cornea, resulting in blindness. There can also be inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in vision loss, particularly peripheral vision, and eventually blindness.

Mortality: No noted mortality

Treatment: 2 Types: people infected should be treated to prevent long-term skin damage and blindness. Recommended treatment is ivermectin, given every 6 months for the life span of the adult worms or as long as infected person shows signs of skin/eye infection. Ivermectin kills the larvae and prevents them from causing damage but does not kill the adults. A new treatment using doxycycline, which kills the adult worms by killing bacteria on the adult worms that the worms depend on to survive.

Other interesting information: The adult worms can live up to 15 years in the human body, and their larvae can have a lifespan of up to 2 years. The best prevention is personal protection efforts from biting insects (blackflies), or using insect repellent, long sleeves/pants.

Infections found in tropical climates, mainly 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, limited areas in Americas, Yemen, and Middle East. Those most at risk are those who live near streams or rivers where there are Simulium blackflies.

The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 25 million people infected with O. volvulus worldwide.

[image]

Information Source(s): http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/

Image(s): http://www.discoveryuk.com/dni-media/mu-53/media-38308-140835.jpg

Rachel Pollock

Disease: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans are the natural reservoir for HPV but it can also affect rabbits and cows.

Transmission: HPV is transmitted mostly by sexual contact with someone who is already infected, typically with sexual intercourse but could also be transmitted with no penetrative activity.

Symptoms: Majority of symptoms are asymptomatic, however some symptoms are anogential warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosi, and anal, cervical, and genital cancers.

Complications: There is currently no test for men to know if they have HPV but there is a vaccine that protects against cervical cancer and genital warts called Gardasil.

Mortality: In the U.S. there are around 6,312 HPV cancer deaths per year.

Treatment: Because of the different symptoms, and some symptoms clearing up on their own, there is not one treatment. Treatment is specific to the type of manifestation rather than the strain of the papillomavirus.

Other: HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, however many people have never even heard of it. HPV infection rate is highest in adults ranging from 18-28.

Images:

[image]

[image]

http://img.thebody.com/press/2008/nobel_hpv.gif

http://thetyee.cachefly.net/News/2007/05/31/hpv_virus.png

Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html

http://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/sexually-

transmitted-diseases.html

Corissa Schmidt

Type of Microbe: Protozoan

Reservoir/Host: Humans and mosquitoes

Transmission (Portals etc) Mosquito bites

Symptoms: Cyclical fever and shivering, pain in the

joints, headache, weakness, and repeated vomiting.

In severe cases convulsions and kidney failure can result.

Complications: Acute renal failure, blackwater fever, cerebral malaria, pulmonary involvement, and acute anemia. In some patients who seemingly recover, another bout of malaria may occur if the treatment does not completely clear the parasite from the blood and liver.

Mortality: <1%

Treatment: Traditional first-line treatments such as choloroquine and Sulphadoxine/Pyrimethamine have lost much of their effectiveness in many countries. New and more expensive antimalarial drugs, including combination therapies (such as artemisinin combination therapy–ACT) are now being introduced by some governments

Other interesting information: P. falciparum is the most dangerous form of the malaria-causing protozoa. Almost every malarial death is from this parasite.

[image]

Image Sources:

http://theresilientearth.com/files/images/malaria_

life_cycle-500.jpg

Information sources:

http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/2/158.full

http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/FS_Pfalciparum-Sept-

2004_FINAL.pdf

Henrietta Adegbemle

Microbe: Polio Virus

Disease: Poliomyelitis/ polio

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission: person to person through fecal oral route (most important), oral to oral with persons with in apparent infections.

Symptoms: 95 percent of people infected with polio have no symptoms. About 4 to 5 percent of infected people have petty symptoms like fever, muscle weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting. Some may develop severe muscle pain and stiffness in the neck and back.

Complication: can lead temporary or permanent paralysis of the legs and muscles of breathing and swallowing which can be fatal.

Mortality: 2% to 5% in children and 15% to 30% in adults who have paralysis from polio die because the virus affected the muscles of breathing.

Treatment: there is no known cure for polio but supportive treatments like bed rest, pain reliever and nutritious meal can help speed up recovery and prevent complications. Also inactivated polio vaccines are available.

Interesting information: At one time poliovirus infection was epidemic but the transmission was interrupted in the United States in 1979 when the polio eradication program conducted by the Pan American Health Organization. This led to elimination of polio in the Western Hemisphere in 1991.

The Global Polio Eradication Program has dramatically reduced poliovirus transmission throughout the world. In 2009, only 1,579 confirmed cases of polio were reported globally and polio was endemic in four countries.

[image]

Image: http://www2.cedarcrest.edu/academic/bio/hale/bioT_EID/

lectures/polioviruslifecycle.jpg

Source1:  http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html

Source 2: http://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/

poliomyelitis/fact_sheet.htm

Marisa O'Connell

Human Prion Diseases: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD); Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD); Gerstmann-Straussler Scheinker Syndrome; Fatal Familial Insomnia; Kuru

Animal Prion Diseases: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE); Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD); Scrapie; Transmissible mink encephalopathy; Feline spongiform encephalopathy; Ungulate spongiform encephalopathy

Type of Microbe: A prion is a misfolded protein - - an abnormal, pathogenic agent, that is transmissible and is able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular prion proteins, normally found within the brain.

Reservoir/Host: Humans and Animals

Transmission (Portals etc): Transmissible via infected brain tissue, in scrapie (found in sheep); TSE in humans through corneal transplants with infected tissue or by contaminated cadaver-derived human growth hormone and possible through infected meat

Symptoms: Changes in memory, personality, and behavior a decline in intellectual function (dementia); and abnormal movements, particularly difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia)

Complications: Abnormal proteins build up in the brain, forming clumps that damage or destroy neurons. The loss of these cells creates microscopic sponge-like holes (vacuoles) in the brain, which leads to the signs and symptoms of prion disease

Mortality: Death

Treatment: No known treatments have been found

Other interesting information:  The first human example of TSE arose from the discovery of kuru in the indigenous tribes of Papua New Guinea. Kuru was spread by ritual cannibalism.

[image]

Information Source: 

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PRNP

Image: 

http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-

modules/ph/ph709_b_competition/Prion%20Proteins.png

Elle Namur

Disease: Rabies, disease of the central nervous system

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans, raccoons, skunks, foxes, coyotes, bats, mongoose, woodchucks, dogs, and cats

Transmission (Portals etc): Saliva

Symptoms: confusion, neurologic syndromes, acute inflammatory polyneuropathy, uncharacteristic behaviors, aggression, distress, headache, depression, fever, nausea and vomiting, excessive saliva production, anxiety, insomnia,

Complications: spasms that affect the muscles in the throat and pain and difficulty swallowing

Mortality: about 55,000 people die each year from the rabies virus

Treatment: A person bit by an infected animal must seek medical treatment immediately before symptoms appear. Once symptoms appear, the treatment is no longer a solution. Post-exposure prophylaxis is the most commonly used treatment of the disease. The first step that any bitten person should do is to wash the infected lesion with soap and water, this will reduce the likelihood of the virus developing symptoms. Using a dose of immunoglobulin also helps prevent the rabies virus from infecting the body until the vaccine kicks in.

Other interesting information: once symptoms start occurring, you are pretty much at a 100% risk of dying.

[image]

Image source:

https://dokuwiki.noctrl.edu/lib/exe/fetch.php?

w=510&h=325&media=bio:440:virology_wiki_10.jpg

Information Sources: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel/diseases/rabies.htm

http://chealth.canoe.ca/condition_info_details.asp?

channel_id=0&relation_id=0&disease_id=303&page_

no=2

Mariah Malecha

Disease: Common cold

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Upper respiratory tract

Transmission: Person to person contact, sneezing, coughing, sharing things such as utensils, cups, food, ect.

Portals: Nose and mouth

Symptoms: Runny nose, swollen/sore throat, congestion, coughing, sneezing, body aches, facial and ear pressure, low grade fever, headache, and loss of appetite.

Complications: Can lead to confections such as lower respiratory tract infection, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Mortality: Rhinovirus itself does not generally cause mortality, but there are several fatal respiratory infections associated with Rhinovirus.

Treatment: There is no vaccination or medication to prevent this virus. Things such as rest, hydration, hand washing, and over the counter medications (cough suppressants, antihistamines, and decongestants) will help the healing process.

Prevention: Disinfecting, washing hands, vitamins, and hydration

Further complications: Otitis Media (middle ear infection), sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses, sinus infection), bronchitis, and irritation of airways.

Information sources: http://emedicine.medscape.com/

article/227820-overview

Images source: 

[image]

http://www.virology.wisc.edu/virusworld/PS10/rhi_

rhinovirus_3.jpg

Laura Heisler

Microbe: Rickettsia prowazekii

Disease: Epidemic typhus and Sylvatic typhus.

Type of Microbe: Obligate intracellular gram negative bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans and Flying Squirrels

Transmission (Portals etc): Transmitted by human louse, flying squirrel ectoparasites and Amblyomma ticks. Spread by human to human contact - - hen the lice are spread from one person to another they feed on the blood of the infected person and then defecate on the new victim, transmitting the microbe to the unsuspecting person through their feces on breaks in the skin. Also can be transmitted by inhalation or by coming into contact with mucous membranes such as the mouth or eyes. 

Symptoms: Chills, confusion, cough, delirium, high fever (104 degrees Fahrenheit), joint pain, eye pain in bright lights, Low BP, Rash the spreads from the chest to the rest of the body, severe headache, severe muscle pain and stupor.

Complications: Bronchopneumonia or lobar pneumonia, Hypostatic congestion of the lungs, nephritis and a parotid abscess can occur, renal insufficiency, central nervous system damage. 

Mortality: 10-40% mortality rate in the general population. 60% mortality rate in those above the age of sixty.

Treatment: Antibiotics (Doxycyline, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol) and sometimes intravenous fluids and oxygen are prescribed

Other interesting information: It has a 5-14 day incubation period and most people acquired it while traveling but do not get the symptoms until after they have returned home. Bacteria can survive in feces and dead lice’s bodies for weeks.

Information Source(s):

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/

typhus_fever.pdf

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/

001363.htm

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/

chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-

travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-

and-related-infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis

http://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/

ub/view/Tabers-Dictionary/769754/7/Rickettsia?

q=rickettsia%20prowazekii

Sara Hartert

Microbe: Rickettsia typhi

 Disease: Murine/Endemic Typhus

 Type of Microbe: Bacteria

 Reservoir/Host: Fleas and Ticks

 Transmission (Portals etc): though bite, or deposit of feces under skin

 Symptoms: Fever, headache, rash

 Complications: Can lead to multisystem disease, including infection in: the brain, liver, kidney, and heart.

Mortality: very few have died from this disease, hospitalization occurs due to prolongation of treatment

 Treatment: Diagnosis is determined via blood work, to treat the symptoms: doxycycline, tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

 Other interesting information: poor hygiene and nutritional intake can put individuals at an increased risk for exposure do to theincreased prevalence of contact with flea/tick carrying rodents.Areas with topic and subtropical climate have been shown to collaborate to those being infected with R. typhi. With the increase in pesticide development it is hoped that R. typhi will be better controlled within the rodent population and further prevent it from being spread to humans.

[image]

Image Sources:

http://bacmap.wishartlab.com/system/images/200/medium/

Rickettsia_typhi.jpg?1319706244

Information Sources: 

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/

chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/

rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-

infections-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis

http://www.infectionlandscapes.org/2011/06/typhus.html

http://www.medicinenet.com/typhus/article.htm

Rosalba Gomez

Disease: Gastroenteritis

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Human (gastrointestinal tract)

Nonhuman mammals

Rare and may not lead to clinical illness.

Transmission (Portals etc.): Fecal-oral (Shed in high concentration in stool of infected persons); Fomites (Toys and other environmental surfaces contaminated by stool); Fecally contaminated food and water and respiratory droplets.

Symptoms: Depends on whether it is the first or reinfection. Sometimes the infection may be asymptomatic. Symptoms include: Self-limited watery diarrhea or severe dehydrating diarrhea; fever and vomiting; Temps may be greater than 102 ºF; The first infection after 3 months of age is generally the most severe.

Complications: Rotavirus infection, especially in infants and young children, can lead to: severe diarrhea; severe abdominal pain; dehydration; electrolyte imbalance; metabolic acidosis.

Children who are immunocompromised due to congenital immunodeficiency, bone marrow, or solid organ transplantation may experience severe or prolonged Rotavirus gastroenteritis and may experience abnormalities in several organ systems, especially the kidney and liver.

Mortality:

Rotavirus is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality related to diarrhea.

352,000- 592,000 deaths (median, 440,000) in children <5 years of age.

By age 5, approximately 1 in 293 children infected with Rotavirus will die.

82% of deaths occur in poor countries.

Treatment: For those with healthy immune systems, the virus is a self-limited virus (usually stops without therapy). It lasts only a few days.

The treatment is not specific and includes oral rehydration therapy. About 1 in 70 children with the virus will need hospitalization for intravenous fluids.

Other interesting information: Disease is more prevalent during fall and winter in temperate climates in the United States and spreads to the Northeast by April and May.

In tropical climates, the disease is less seasonal than in temperate areas.

Reason for seasonal pattern is unknown.

[image]

[image]

Image Sources: http://trialx.com/g/Rotavirus-5.jpg

www.articlediary.com/assets/rotavirus.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/index.html

http://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/clinical.html#treatment

http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/

downloads/rota.pdf

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/5/02-0562_article.htm

http://trialx.com/curebyte/2012/10/18/rotavirus-photos/

http://www.articlediary.com/article/what-is-rotavirus-

causes-and-symptoms-338.html

Dannielle Mittag

Disease: Rubella (German Measles)

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Spread by contact with an infected person, through sneezing and coughing

Symptoms: Rash and mild fever for two to three days, headache, stuffy or runny nose, inflamed red eyes, enlarged tender lymph nodes at the base of the skull, back of the neck and behind the ears, aching joints

Complications: Birth defects if acquired by a pregnant woman: deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and liver and spleen damage

Mortality: Not usually a serious illness, but can cause severe birth defects if a pregnant woman contracts the disease and spreads it to her unborn child, especially in the first 11 weeks of pregnancy.

Treatment: No treatment. Recommended isolation from others, especially pregnant women.

Other interesting information: A person with Rubella is contagious ten days before the onset of the rash and for one to two weeks after the rash goes away.

[image]

[image]

Image source:

http://images.medicinenet.com/images/image_collection/skin/rubella.jpg

http://www.sciencepicturecompany.com/_img/preview/Rubella-Virus_spc-id-3252.jpg%E2%80%8B

Information sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/rubella/in-short-

adult.htm

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rubella/

basics/causes/con-20020067

http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/rubella

Kaitlyn Lindner

Disease: Salmonellosis

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: No specific host but can infect humans, mammals, reptiles, and poultry.

Transmission (Portals etc): Fecal/oral contact, undercooked and unwashed foods, unsanitary kitchen utensils, unwashed hands, handling reptiles.

Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, cramps

Complications: Reiter’s Syndrome and typhoid fever.

Mortality: Approximately 500-600 fatal cases reported each year in the U.S.

Treatment: Typically does not require treatment unless patients are immunocompromised or at risk. Typically clears up within 4-7 days. Drink plenty of liquids. Antibiotics can be used.

Other interesting information:

Many isolates are resistant to antibiotics.

About 2,000 types have been discovered.

If a person is given antibiotics, it may prolong recovery time.

[image] 

Image source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-

Cteej67TSXw/TcZtwJsBJtI/AAAAAAAAAAw/

DTN8K6ngXZw/s1600/Untitled.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/prevention.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonella

infections.html

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/

nontyphoidal_salmonellosis.pdf

Morgan Smith

Disease: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Bats

Transmission (Portals etc) SARS is spread by close person to person contact. It can transmit through a person’s nose, mouth or eye(s) when another person with SARS coughs or sneezes. It is also thought that SARS can be transmitted through the air. Close contact according to the CDC would be talking to someone within three feet, hugging/kissing, sharing utensils or living with someone was has the SARS virus.

Symptoms: The symptoms begin with a high fever (100.4 or higher). Other symptoms include headaches, body aches, and an overall feeling of discomfort. Ten to twenty percent of patients will have diarrhea. Some people also feel mild respiratory symptoms at the onset. Some patients might also develop a dry cough.

Complications: Most people that have SARS develop pneumonia. Breathing problems can become so severe that a mechanical respirator is needed. People over the age of 60 have a greater risk for serious complications.

Mortality: Mortality rate is anywhere from 0-50% depending on your age. The average mortality rate is 15%. The mortality rate for persons 24 and under is 1%, for persons 25-44 is 6%, for persons 45-64 is 15%, and for persons 65 and over is above 50%.

Treatment: no specific treatment, but it is treated like serious pneumonia. Individuals that are suspected to have SARS are isolated.

Other interesting information: SARS was first reported in Asia in 2003. Even though this disease spread all over the world, only eight people in the United States were reported to have SARS. The people who got SARS in the United States had traveled to countries that had a lot of reported SARS cases.

[image]

[image]

[image]

Image Sources: 

http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01476/

SARS_1476648i.jpg

http://www.ppdictionary.com/viruses/SARS_

schematic.jpg

http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02351/

sars_2351405b.jpg

Information Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.pdf

http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237755-

treatment

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/sars/basics/complications/con-20024278

Alexandria Johnson

Disease: schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia)

Type of microbe: Parasitic worm

Reservoir/Host: Freshwater snails and freshwater

Transmission: Skin comes into contact with contaminated water

Symptoms: None at first. But within a couple days a rash and itchy skin appear. 1-2 months later a fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches start.

Complications: Without treatment it can last for years. Enlarged liver, blood in stool or urine, problems passing urine. Increased risk of bladder cancer. If eggs are in brain or spinal cord it can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation.

Mortality: More than 200,000 deaths per year in Sub-Saharan Africa

Treatment: Medications treat infections caused by all Schistosoma species.

Other Interesting information: No available vaccine. Symptoms aren’t caused by the worms but the body’s reaction to the eggs, damaging the liver, intestine, spleen, lungs, and bladder. There are two other microbes associated with Schistosoma: S. japonicum and S. mansoni. Many animals like dogs, cats, and rodents serve as reservoirs for S. japonicum. Dogs are reservoirs for S. mansoni.

[image]

References:

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/gen_info/index.html

http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/en/

Images Source:

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSo-

i-i7fNF9x_K_rj5IEbpbnXR5vBjdmNdUG0Oq0sqDdhOMPdk

Beau Wakefield

Microbe: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Disease: MRSA infection

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/host: Humans, Dogs, Cats, Horses, Pigs, Calves, Cows, Chickens.

Transmission (portals): In humans, MRSA is an opportunistic pathogen that can be spread from person to person through being touched by an infected carrier, contaminated food, or aerosols. They have also seen the bacteria infect through orifices (mostly the nasal passage).

In animals, MRSA is spread through the nasal and rectal passages. Spread of MRSA from human to animal is poorly understood due to the fact that the transmission in a lab has not produced good results.

Symptoms: In animals, causes severe dermatitis, abscesses, and pimple like growths.

In humans, boil like growths that can become painful.

Complications: If proper antibiotics aren’t administered, death, pneumonia, and infection can set in.

Mortality: In animals, 8% in dogs, 16% in horses, and 20% in pigs

In humans, depending on the strain and the time you administer antibiotics to the infection makes the difference in the mortality rate. It is usually anywhere from 10%-35%.

Treatment: In animals, antibiotics and topical treatments.

In humans, use antibiotics.

Other Info: Carriage Rates of MRSA are only 1%-5%. Healthcare workers and Veterinarians are among the top professions to become carriers due to the fact that they are constantly exposed to MRSA.

[image]

Image Source:

http://www.biosciencetechnology.com/sites/

biosciencetechnology.com/files/legacyimages/bt1304MRSA.jpg

Information Source:

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/mrsa.pdf

Justin Marty

Disease: Diseases range from mild superficial skin infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. Examples are pharyngitis (strep throat) and localized skin infection (impetigo) and streptoccal toxic shock syndrome.

Type of Microbe: spherical/coccus, Gram positive bacterium

Reservoir/Host: human pathogen is host and primary reservoir, but cattle can also act as a reservoir.

Transmission: respiratory droplets, hand contact with nasal discharge and skin contact with lesions.

Symptoms: swollen glands, white patches on tonsils, rash on body, starts as red and forms crusty sores later.

Complications: S. pyogenes releases a number of proteins, including several virulence factors, into its host. For example, hyaluronidase is widely assumed to facilitate the spread of the bacteria through tissues by breaking down hyaluronic acid.

Mortality: 25% in consideration of all different types of diseases caused by S. pyogenes.

Treatment: Treatment of choice is penicillin and the duration of treatment is well established as being 10 days minimum. There has been no reported instance of penicillin resistance but there have been many reports of penicillin tolerance.

Other interesting information: No vectors. On a dry surface the bacterium can survive for 3 days to 6.5 months!

[image]

Image Source: 

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/

Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg

Information Source

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/

strep-pyogenes-eng.php

Samantha Frandsen

Disease: Toxoplasmosis

Type of Microbe: Protozoan

Reservoir/Host: Domestic cats and their relatives

Transmission : 1) Food borne Transmission (undercooked, contaminated meat (esp. pork, lamb, venison); 2) Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission (contact with cat feces); 3) Mother-to-child (congenital) transmission (Mother can be infected and show no symptoms but can cause damage to her unborn child, such as diseases to the nervous system and eyes); 4) Organ Transplant (receiving an infected organ or infected blood via blood transfusion—is rare); 5) Drinking contaminated water; 6) ingesting contaminated soil

Symptoms: most are not aware they are infected; feel like they have the “flu” with swollen lymph nodes or muscle aches and pains that last longer than a month or more; severe toxoplasmosis can cause damage to brain, eyes, and other organs can develop from acute toxoplasmosis and has be reactivated; severe cases are more common in immune suppressed individuals; signs and symptoms of ocular toxoplasmosis is reduced vision, blurred vision, pain (in bright light); infants who are infected show no symptoms are birth, a small percentage of infected newborns have serious eye or brain damage at birth

Complications: Pregnant women are at risk of having a miscarriage, still born, or child born with defects such as an abnormally large or small head

Mortality: The mortality rate of babies born with toxoplasmosis is high. If the infected baby survives, it is likely that the child will be visually impaired, have fluid in the brain, and suffer from learning disabilities or mental retardation.

Treatment: Healthy Individuals can recover without treatment or can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, plus folinic acid

Pregnant Woman, newborns and infants can be treated but parasite is not eliminated completely. Parasite can remain in tissues in a less active stage, their location makes it hard for medication to fully eliminate the parasite.

Person with Ocular disease treatment is based on whether or not medication is recommended depends on the size of the eye lesion, the location, and the characteristics of the lesion.

Persons with compromised immune systems need to be treated until they have improvement in their condition. For AIDS patients, continuation of medication for the rest of their lives may be necessary, or for as long as they are immunosuppressed.

 Other interesting information: half of Americans and one-third of Canadians carry antibodies from past exposure without being aware

[image]

Image Source:

http://www.caribvet.net/en/system/files/users/marion%20

laurent/23-23_toxoplasmosis_1_1.jpg

Information sources:

http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i05/html/05disease.html

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/faqs.html

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/

pregnant.html

Mikayla Connell

Microbe: Treponema pallidum

Disease: Syphilis, pinta and yaws.

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Sexual contact, passed through placenta.

Symptoms: Slight fever, mucocutaneous rash, superficial ulcer with a firm base, labeled a hard chancre.

Complications: Highly destructive lesions in almost any tissue of the body, including the central nervous system and in bones and soft tissues.

Mortality: High mortality rate for infants… Approximately 50 percent of fetuses are aborted or stillborn.

Treatment: Antibiotics/penicillin

Other interesting information: Treponemes are helically coiled, corkscrew-shaped organisms.

[image]

Image Source: 

http://plaza.ufl.edu/sykid/syphilis%20bacteria.jpg

Information Source: 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/

Angie Wagemaker

Disease: Trichinosis, trichiniasis, Trichinelliasis

Type of Microbe: Nematoda roundworms

Reservoir/Host: mammals (Humans, Pigs, Cats, Rats and Mice)

Transmission (Portals etc) Eating pork/meat that was not cooked thoroughly.

Symptoms: Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness and muscular twitching, edema around eyes, intense muscular pain, disturbances in muscle function, difficulty with respiration, consistent fever, puffy face, swelling of extremities, damage to heart, nervous system, and other organs, pneumonia

Complications: If infection is great, victims may have trouble coordinating movements and have heart and breathing problems.

Mortality: Death is rare though can occur in severe cases.

Treatment: Prescription drugs. Treatment should begin as soon as possible.

Other interesting information: World’s largest intracellular parasite

Information Sources: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Trichinella_spiralis/

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/gen_info/index.html

Jamie Vansickle

Disease: Trichomoniasis

Type of Microbe: Protozoa

Reservoir/Host: Humans, typically females, while men may act as a reservoir for infection

Transmission (Portals etc): Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Symptoms: Females: Greenish-yellow, frothy vaginal discharge with a strong odor,painful urination, vaginal itching and irritation, discomfort during intercourse and lower abdominal pain. Males: Irritation inside the penis, mild discharge, and slight burning after urination or ejaculation

Complications: Trichomoniasis in pregnant women can cause premature rupture of the membranes that protect the baby, and early delivery. The genital inflammation caused by trichomoniasis can increase a woman's risk of acquiring HIV infection if she is exposed to HIV. Trichomoniasis in a woman who is also infected with HIV can increase the chances of transmitting HIV infection to a sex partner.

Mortality: unknown

Treatment: an oral antibiotic called metronidazole (Flagyl - - belongs to a class of antibiotics known as nitroimidazoles that can treat both bacteria and protozoa) is given to treat trichomoniasis.

Other interesting information: Symptoms usually appear within five to 28 days of exposure in women. Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD in young, sexually active women. About 7.4 million new cases arise each year in women and men.

Information Sources:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095007/

http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/guide/trichomoniasis

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/trichomonas- eng.php

Images:

[image]

 [image]

http://media.eol.org/content/2012/04/09/03/14897_580_360.jpg

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/strous_mary/images/scan0004.jpg

Megan Newberry

Disease: Whipworm infection

Type of Microbe: Helminth

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals): The disease is spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission or through food contamination. Most often occurs by eating fruits or vegetables that are not washed, cooked, or prepared correctly that were contaminated with soil that contains the worms. Often occurs in places where human feces is used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens.

Symptoms: People can have either light or heavy infections. People with light infections usually have no symptoms. People with heavy symptoms can experience frequent, painful passage of stool that contains a mixture of mucus, water, and blood. Rectal prolapse can also occur. Children with heavy infections can become severely anemic and growth-retarded.

Mortality: 795 million people are affected each year but no recorded deaths from this disease.

Treatment: Antihelminthic medications, such asalbendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment. Infections are generally treated for 3 days. The recommended medications are effective.

Other interesting fact: The HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sth/index.html" soil-transmitted helminths (hookworm, Ascaris, and whipworm) and four other "neglected tropical diseases" (river blindness, lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis and trachoma) are sometimes treated through mass drug administrations. Since the drugs used are safe and inexpensive or donated, entire risk groups are offered preventive treatment.

Information sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr60/en/

index1.html

Katie Lippo

Disease: African Trypanosomiasis/ African Sleeping Sickness

Type of Microbe: Protozoan

Reservoir/Host: Wild animals and humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Bite of the tsetse fly, possibly by pregnant mother to unborn child and rarely by blood or sexual contact

Symptoms: 

For East African disease it progresses fast. In some patients a large sore will develop at the site of the tsetse bite. Most patients develop fever, headache, muscle and joint aches, and enlarged lymph nodes within 1-2 weeks of the infective bite and some develop a rash. After a few weeks of infection, the parasite invades the central nervous system and eventually causes mental deterioration and other neurologic problems with death in a few months. 

For West African it progresses more slowly with mild symptoms at first. People infected may have intermittent fevers, headaches, muscle and joint aches, and malaise. They can also have itching of the skin, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss. After 1-2 years, there is evidence of central nervous system involvement, with personality changes, daytime sleepiness with nighttime sleep disturbance, and progressive confusion. There may be hormonal imbalances and partial paralysis and trouble walking and balancing. Rarely lasts 6-7 years but patient usually dies within 3 years.

Complications: Neurological damage

Mortality: 5% for treated and 100% for untreated

Treatment: Depends on if you have East or West sickness and stage you are in.Pentamidine is used for West African first stage sickness. Other drugs are only available from the CDC in the US. There is no test of cure so infectious patients have to haveexaminations of their cerebrospinal fluid for two years so they can detect if relapse has happened.

Other interesting information: One case is diagnosed in the U.S. each year.

[image]

Information Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/

Image:http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/

sleepingsickness/home_page_image_sleeping_sickness.jpg

Dana Meemken

Disease: Chickenpox, Shingles

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans are the only hosts for chickenpox and shingles

Transmission (Portals etc.): Human to Human--- transmitted by airborne droplets or by contact with the fluid in the blister-likeskin lesions that develop

Symptoms: Chickenpox early signs--- fever, headache, generalized aches and pains. After a few days--- itchy rash with fluid-filled vesicles appearing on the scalp, face, trunk, and extremities. Shingles --- intense pain, skin lesions along the path of the infected nerve

Complications: (mostly for people who are older than 12 years of age, have a weakened immune system, are receiving steroid therapy, have chronic skin or lung disease, or are pregnant) develop fever that lasts longer than 4 days or rises above 102 degrees, difficulty waking up or confused demeanor, difficulty walking, stiff neck, frequent vomiting, difficulty breathing, severe cough

Mortality: The morality rate is approximately 4% for children between the ages of 0-4 years. Between the ages 5-59, there is less than 1% mortality rate.Ages 60 and above the mortality rate is estimated to be 11%.

Treatment: Use non-aspirin medications to relieve fever, calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal baths may help relieve itching.Antiviral medication (Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir) can be used for more serious cases. Best way to protect yourself from varicella herpes virus is immunization

Other interesting information: Chickenpox is usually associated with childhood; Shingles typically occurs after about age of forty-five to fifty in some individuals who have had chickenpox earlier in life (although it has been reported in children as young as eight years). Live, attenuated chickenpox vaccine produces a life-long immunity. Chickenpox incubation period is between 10 to 20 days.When an individual is infected with chickenpox, some of the virus ‘hangs out’ in a latent state in collections of nerve fibers. The virus remains in the latent state for years, but may become triggered into an active replicating state and result in shingles (this happens in only about 25% of adults). Shingles are so painful because the virus infects nerve fibers. 

[image]chicken pox

[image]

Image sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/images/variaap002.jpg

http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/images/disease_

varicella2.jpg

Information Sources: http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/

chpt17-varicella.html

Carman Henningson

Disease: Smallpox

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc): Direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated objects such as bedding or clothing, rarely spread through the air.

Symptoms: fever, malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. Rash first occurs on the tongue and in the mouth, then spreads to skin starting on the face, then moving to arms and legs, and lastly to hands and feet.

Complications: Death, no known cure

Mortality: 30%

Treatment: No known cure, smallpox vaccination for preventative measures, newest generations have not received vaccination.

Other interesting information: Smallpox is the only disease to be eradicated from human population.

[image]

[image]

Image sources:

http://people.cst.cmich.edu/alm1ew/Image76.jpg

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/03/article-

2197533-14D039EC000005DC-851_964x773.jpg

Information Source(s):

http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/

disease-facts.asp

Alex Brinkman

Microbe: Vibrio cholerae

Disease: Cholera

Type of Microbe: Bacteria

Reservoir/Host: Humans

Transmission (Portals etc) Fecal-Oral route. Ingestion of food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholera. Places such as inadequate environmental management.

Symptoms: Infects children and adults and can kill in just hours. Most times there are no symptoms but those who do, 80% have mild to moderate symptoms and 20% have watery diarrhea and severe dehydration.

Complications: Dehydration, shock, low blood sugar, low potassium levels, kidney failure, and death.

Mortality: Individuals who are treated have a lower percentage less than 1%.Those who go untreated have a percentage greater than 50%.

Treatment: cholera is easily treated with oral rehydration salts. Individuals who are dehydrated need intravenous fluids, antibiotics to reduce diarrhea, reduced the amount of rehydration fluids needed, and to shorten the duration of Vibrio cholerae. Vaccines for cholera are not very effective and only last for short amounts of time.

Other interesting information:

75% of individuals do not receive any symptoms.

There are 100,000-120,000 deaths each year from cholera.

[image]

Image: http://www.science-art.com/gallery/24866/24866_3102012185913.jpg

Sources: 

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/ 

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/

cholera.pdf

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/

cholera/basics/complications/con-20031469

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cholera/

facts/en/index9.html

Carli Schwint

Disease: West Nile Fever or West Nile Disease

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Mosquitos/Humans/birds

Transmission (Portals etc) Birds to mosquitos, Mosquito feeds on infected bird, mosquito bites human.

Symptoms: Headache, high fever, tiredness, body aches, vomiting.

Complications: stiffness, stupor, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness

Mortality: Less than 1% of infected individuals develop a serious, sometimes fatal, neurologic illness.

Treatment: no medicine or vaccines for this virus

Other interesting information: 80% of people infected do not show any symptoms.Vaccines are available for horses but not humans. May be transmitted by blood transfusion and organ transplant.

[image]

Image Source: 

http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedImages/

Health_Human_Services/Level_3_-_Evironmental_

Health/Transmission-Cycle-of-WNV.jpg

Information Sources: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs354/en/

http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html

Logan Carmichael

Microbe: Wuchereria bancrofti

Disease: lymphatic filariasis/elephantiasis

Type of Microbe: Worms/Roundworms

Reservoir/Host: Human lymph vessels

Transmission (Portals etc): Mosquito bites

Symptoms: Most people don't have symptoms but the unlucky few that do, suffer from Lymphedema. Mostly in the legs, but can also occur in the arms, breasts and genitalia.

Complications: With the decrease in the lymph function, the body becomes incapable of fighting off germs and infections. With more bacterial functions in the skin and lymph system, it causes a hardening of the skin called elephantiasis.

Mortality: Rarely causes death but is a major cause of disability

Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine. However, many of the bacterial infections can be prevented with exercise and good skin hygiene.

Other interesting information: Charleston, SC was the last known place with lymphatic filariasis. It disappeared from the states early in the 20th century. The drug Diethylcarbamazine is no longer approved by the FDA because the infection is so rare in the United States.

[image]

Image: 

http://parasite.org.au/pugh-collection/JpegsStamped/

Wuchereria%20bancrofti%20%2011.jpg

[image]

Image: http://www.phsource.us/images

/Wuchereria%20bancrofti3_small.jpg

Information Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/

lymphaticfilariasis/

Chelsey Watson

Disease: Yellow Fever

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Nonhuman and Human primates

Transmission (Portals etc): Vectorborne Transmission (Human to vector to Human). The vector is mainly an infected mosquito (Aedes aegypti). 3 types of transmission= sylvatic (non-human to vector to human), intermediate (non-human or treehole breeding to vector to human), and urban (human to vector to human).

Symptoms: incubation period is 3-6 days with a sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, backache, myalgias, prostration, nausea, and vomiting.

Complications: After a brief remission of hours to a day, 15% of patients progress to jaundice, hemorrhagic symptoms, shock and multisystem organ failure.

Mortality: The case-fatality ratio for severe cases with hepatorenal dysfunction is 20%–50%

Treatment: No Specific Treatments! Rest, fluids, and analgesics and antipyretics can relieve symptoms of fever and aching. Avoid aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Avoid going outdoors to limit the contribution to the transmission cycle.

Other interesting information: Yellow fever is preventable by a relatively safe, effective vaccine. All yellow fever vaccines currently manufactured are live-attenuated viral vaccines. Only 1 yellow fever vaccine is licensed for use in the United States. Preliminary diagnosis is based on the patient’s clinical features, places and dates of travel, and activities. Underreporting is a concern – the true number of cases is estimated to be 10 to 250 times what is now being reported.

Information Sources:

http://www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/en/

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/yellow-fever

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/

Kia Johnson

Disease: The Black Plague

Type of Microbe: Bacteria 

Reservoir/Host: Fleas from rodents to humans or other rodents. 

Transmission (Portals etc): Rodent/Flea bite or handling animals with plague.

 Symptoms: Depends on how patient was exposed to the bacteria. It usually begins with fever, headache, chills and painful, swollen lymph nodes. Bacteria will start where bite was initially made then will spread throughout the body if it is not treated. These areas where the people were bit were called Buboes. The skin would blacken around the buboe, which is where it got it's nickname.

Complications: Many things can go wrong if one doesn't not get immediate medical attention. One could potentially have convulsions, go into shock, and possibly die.

Mortality: from 1900-1941 mortality rate was 66% and now it is 11%

Treatment: Modern day antibiotics. Works best within 24 hours of first symptom

Other interesting information: In the three years from 1348 to 1351 the plague killed around 25–60% of Europeans which was 75-200 million(estimated). When the plague was happening it was known as "The Pestilence" or "The Great Mortality".

[image]

Image source:

http://www.cdc.gov/plague/images/plaguetypes.jpg

Information Source:

http://www.cdc.gov/plague/

Dr. Hahn

Microbe: H5N1 (Influenza A) Virus

Disease: H5N1Avian Flu/Bird Flu

Type of Microbe: Virus

Reservoir/Host: Domestic Poultry

Transmission: Poultry to Humans (only 2 cases of human-to-human reported) - - Contact with infected poultry itself (infections do not come from properly handled and cooked poultry and eggs)

Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, diarrhea

Complications: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, shock, altered mental state, seizures, multiple organ failure, death

Mortality: 60% of 650 cases in 15 countries since 2003; 62 cases in 5 countries in 2011; endemic in poultry in 6 countries

(no infections in birds or humans in the US)

Treatment: Antiviral Medication oseltamivir - - Vaccine is currently in clinical trials, but not yet available

Interesting information: Though this disease is not commonly spread from human-to-human, influenza viruses can mutate so it can spread from human-to-human. Because of the high mortality rates, this virus poses a potentially serious pandemic threat

Source 1: http://www.flu.gov/about_the_flu/h5n1/

Source 2: http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/

avian_influenza/h5n1_research/faqs/en/

[image]

[image]

Mariah Malecha

Disease: The most common disease is SARS (SARS CoV). It can also cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and common colds in adults. May lead to viral or bacterial pneumonia. 

Type of Microbe:Virus

Reservoir/Host: Upper respiratory tract.

Transmission: Through the air (respiratory drops from sneezing and coughing), or human-human contact (shaking hands or close personal contact).

Portals: Nose and mouth

Symptoms: Mild or moderate upper respiratory tract illness, runny nose, sore/swollen throat, fever, shortness of breath, and other breathing difficulties.

Complications: SARS-CoV can lead to lower respiratory tract infections, and gastroenteritis.

Mortality: In common cases, coronavirus does not generally cause mortality.

Treatment: There is no vaccination or prescription medication for this virus. Hydration, rest, and OTC medications can help in the healing process.

Prevention: Washing hands, avoiding close person to person contact, disinfecting (door handles, bathrooms, surfaces, ect) and covering your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.

Other: Different from a Rhinovirus, Coronavirus is difficult to grow in a lab. The coronavirus can also infect animals. In young animals, coronavirus can cause porcine coronavirus, and bovine coronavirus. In cats, it can cause feline enteric coronavirus; if spontaneous mutation occurs, it can lead to feline infectious peritonitis. In mice, it can cause mouse hepatitis virus. In dogs, this virus can cause mild gastrointestinal disease, and respiratory disease. The coronavirus got its name from its crown, or halo shape.

[image]

Information sources:

http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/index.html

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/eri-ire/coronavirus/

animals-animaux-eng.php

Image Source:

http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/

2013/05/AJC1-coronavirus.jpg