Term
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Definition
| provoke intense immune response. T cells produce too many cytokines. you hurt yourself. TSS, staph antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis. A-B toxin. diptheriae only produces toxin when infected by phage. |
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Term
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Definition
| strep. pyogenes synthesizes 3 types of cytotoxins that are superantigens that damage the plasma membranes of blood caililaries. Scarlet fever caused by strep. pyogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| Clostridium botulinum. A-B toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| A-B toxin binds to nervous system controlling skeletal muscles causeing contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrio cholerae A-B binds to epithelial cells, causeing them to secrete large amounts of fluids and electrolytes. causes diarrhea and vomiting. E. Coli can produce a similar toxin |
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Term
| Staphlococcal Enterotoxin |
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Definition
| staph aureus produces a superantigen in the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by endotoxins. causes blood clots. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| system that protects the eyes by flushing them |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents hair from drying, protective layer over the skin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| type of white blood cells that have large granules. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinphils. |
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Term
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Definition
| stain in neutral dye, active in initial stage of infection. they can leave teh blood, enter an infected tissue, and destroy microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| stain in basic dye. release histamine for inflammation in allergic responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| stain with acidic dye called eosin. produces toxic proteins that fight parasites such as helminths. they can also leave the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| have granules, but you can't see them. 3 types: monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| not actively phagocytic until they leave the blood and mature into macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| found on skin, mucous membranes, thymus, lymph nodes. phagocytosis and initiating adaptive immune response (communicates with T and B cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| hunt and kill infected cells using toxic stuff stored in granules. example of toxic stuff: perforin creates channel in membrane causeing cytolysis, granymes cause cells to self destruct |
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Term
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Definition
| increase of white blood cells in response to infection |
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Term
| differential white blood cell count |
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Definition
| percentage of kinds of white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fixed macrophages/ histiocytes |
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Definition
| resident in certain tissues and organs of the body. all have different names. the other kind of macrophages wander. |
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Term
| mononuclear phogocytic system |
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Definition
| all the macrophages of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction of phagocytes to mircobes |
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Term
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Definition
| coating process that promotes phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of phagosome (membrane formed around microbe when it is brought into the macrophage) with a lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| redness, pain, heat, swelling, sometimes loss of function. acute (shoret but severe) or chronic (long but not as bad) |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to damaged areas and is resonsible for redness and heat associated with inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemicals released by damaged cells in response to injury |
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Definition
| histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes |
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Term
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Definition
| destroys microbes by 1: cytolysis 2:inflammation 3:phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| coating microbe to enhance phagocytosis. makes it easier for phagocyte to bind to a microbe. |
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Term
| MAC membrane attack complex |
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Definition
| C5b- C9 in the complement system. causes cytolysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
C3a:binds to mast cells with C5a and cause them to relase histamine and other chemicals that increase blood vessel permeability during inflammation. this happens because they release histine.
C3b: binds to microbe, causing opsonization |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies attach to antigens. C1 binds to antibodies, starts cascade. |
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Term
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Definition
| B,D,P factors are surface proteins that bind to C3. |
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Term
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Definition
| lectin binds to mannoose, working as an opsonin and activating C2 and C4, which cascades to C3. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cytokine. interfere with viral replication. alpha and beta (causes uninfected cells to synthesize AVPs), gamma (causes macrophages to produce nitric oxide that appears to kill bacteria). |
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Term
| AVPs (antiviral proteins) |
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Definition
| disrupt viral multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
| Lactoferrin, transferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin |
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Term
| AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) |
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Definition
| attract dendritic cells, kill microbes, recruit mast cells. broad spectrum of activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| pore-forming protein that lets granzyme into the cell. granzyme then apoptosizes (chops up the DNA) of the cell. |
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Term
| T Cytotoxic cells (CD8+ T cells) |
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Definition
| matures into CTL (cyutotoxic T lymphocyte) that destroys cells on contact using perforin and granzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| stop T cells from reacting against self. maintains tolerance. |
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Term
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Definition
| activated when come into contact with APC. produce cytokines and activates all cells related to cell-mediated immunity: mactophages, T cytotoxic cells, and NKs. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary APCs to induce immune responses by T cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell eaters. activated by ingesting antigenic material or by cytokines made by helper T cells. activated macrophages are better phagocytes adn APCs. notable: eat cancer cells. |
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Term
| Natural Killer Cells (NKs) |
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Definition
| don't have to be activated by antigen. kill cells that don't display MHC class I slef-antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers. soluble proteins or glycoproteins produced by immune cells in response to a stimulus. communicate between white blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines that bring leukocytes into area of infection important for inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| TNF- alpha. targets tumor cells. factor in inflammatory responses |
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Term
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Definition
| harmful overproduction of cytokines caused by a feedback loop. |
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Term
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Definition
| B cells. targets free circulating patogens using antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| t cells- targets infected cells, or intracellular pathogens. mostly uses specialized phagocytic or NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow. involved in humoral immunity. produces Antibodies. mature into plasma cells that make antibodies or memory cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes that mature in the thymus. involved in cellular immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| stem (Fc region)and V region on tips of the Y. V region binds to epitope, Fc region binds to host cell or complement. |
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