Term
| 1. What is the flagellum of prokaryotes powered by? |
|
Definition
| 1. Proton motive force (proton gradient) |
|
|
Term
| 2. How does the flagellum of prokaryotes move? |
|
Definition
| 2. Rotates (like a propeller) |
|
|
Term
| 3. How does the flagellum of the eukaryote move? How is it powered? |
|
Definition
| 3. Whip-like; ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| 4. What are the cilia-like structures in prokaryotes called that are involved in adherence or exchange of genetic material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5. What are bacterial cell walls composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6. What do antibiotics target in bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7. T/F Bacteria cell membranes contain cholesterol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8. T/F Prokaryotes usually have single, circular chromosomes without histones or introns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 9. T/F Shape cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for determining bacteria. |
|
Definition
| 9. F – Shape is an important diagnostic tool. |
|
|
Term
| 10. What are the six shapes or Bacteria? |
|
Definition
| 10. Coccus– Sphere; Coccobacillus – elongated sphere; Bacillus – rod; Vibrio – “comma”; Spirillum – rigid corkscrew shape; Spirochete – flexible corkscrew shape |
|
|
Term
| 11. What are some problems associated with diagnosis based on shape? |
|
Definition
| 11. bacteria change shape during growth – especially during stationary phase; Pleomorphic organisms don’t have a specific shape |
|
|
Term
| 12. What arrangement do streptococci take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 13. What bacterium is described as a “bunch of grapes”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 14. Do all bacteria contain a capsule? |
|
Definition
| 14. No, but gram + or – can have capsules |
|
|
Term
| 15. What regulates capsule production? |
|
Definition
| 15. Growth phase and growth environment |
|
|
Term
| 16. What layer is directly inside the capsule of a gram + cell? |
|
Definition
| 16. Fibrillar layer (protein layer) |
|
|
Term
| 17. T/F All gram + cells have this layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 18. What is characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in a gram + cell? |
|
Definition
| 18. Thick, >40 layers, Highly cross-linked |
|
|
Term
| 19. What is characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in a gram – cell? |
|
Definition
| 19. Thin, 1-2 layers, not highly cross-linked |
|
|
Term
| 20. What layer is inside the peptidoglycan layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 21. What cell type has an outer membrane? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| 21. Gram - ; directly inside the capsule (if present) |
|
|
Term
| 22. What are 2 features of the outer membrane? |
|
Definition
| 22. Lipopolysaccharide, Unique Proteins |
|
|
Term
| 23. What are the proteins called and what do they do in the outer membrane? |
|
Definition
| 23. Porins; Diffusion channels, adhesions, antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| 24. In Gram – what is the region called between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25. What are 2 features of the Periplasmic space? |
|
Definition
| 25. Contains the peptidoglycan layer, enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| 26. T/F The cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm are very similar in Gram + and – bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 27. What is the extracellular, carbohydrate rich coating on some bacteria called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 28. Where is the glycocalyx made? |
|
Definition
| 28. In the cell then exported to exterior |
|
|
Term
| 29. What are the 2 types of glycocalyx? |
|
Definition
| 29. Capsule and Slime layer |
|
|
Term
| 30. What is the capsule composed of? |
|
Definition
| 30. Repeating carbohydrate subunits |
|
|
Term
| 31. What are 2 roles of the Capsule? |
|
Definition
| 31. Prevent cell from drying out, act as an energy source. |
|
|
Term
| 32. How does the capsule act as a virulence factor? Why is this good? |
|
Definition
| 32. Prevents bacterium from recognition by hiding its antigenic components, antipagocytic – blocks complement deposition; Targets for vaccines. |
|
|
Term
| 33. What is another name for the Slime layer? |
|
Definition
| 33. Exopolysaccharide, EPS |
|
|
Term
| 34. What is the major distinguishing factor between a capsule and slime layer? |
|
Definition
| 34. Capsules are more firmly attached to cell |
|
|
Term
| 35. T/F Capsules are easily stained. |
|
Definition
| 35. F – difficult to stain because they are mostly carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| 36. What kind of stain can be used to stain capsules? |
|
Definition
| 36. India Ink – leaves a halo around the cell |
|
|
Term
| 37. What is movement based on chemical sensing called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 38. What are Flagella composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 39. Why is Flagellin a major antigenic target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 40. What recognizes Flagellin? |
|
Definition
| 40. TLR5 (Toll-Like Receptor 5) |
|
|
Term
| 41. What can Flagellin be used for in verifying the organism? |
|
Definition
| 41. Used for Strain Typing |
|
|
Term
| 42. What provides the energy for rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 43. T/F Flagella arrangement is diagnostic for some species of bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 44. What is a single flagellum at one pole of the cell called? Example? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 45. How is a Lophotrichous cell organized? |
|
Definition
| 45. One pole with several flagella. |
|
|
Term
| 46. How are Peritrichous cells organized? Example? |
|
Definition
| 46. Flagella all over the cell; Salmonella, Escherichia |
|
|
Term
| 47. What is a cell called that has flagella at both poles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 48. What is characteristic of a Spirochete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 49. How do Endoflagella work? |
|
Definition
| 49. Wound around cell not exposed to external environment, forms an axial filament, Rotation of Flagella causes bacterium to move like a corkscrew. |
|
|
Term
| 50. What is an example of a bacterium with Endoflagella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 51. What projections are used for adherence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 52. What projections are used for transfer of genetic material between bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 53. What protein are Pili made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 54. T/F Pili can be found on ALL gram + and – cells. |
|
Definition
| 54. F – not all cells produce pili, but they can be found on Gram + or - |
|
|
Term
| 55. How are Pili involved in Motility? |
|
Definition
| 55. Extension of pili, adhering to surface, then retracting |
|
|
Term
| 56. What is a Biofilm? What is essential for this? |
|
Definition
| 56. Organized system of bacteria formed on surfaces; Adherence by Pili |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 57. Invaginations of the plasma membrane that can form vesicles in Gram + or - |
|
|
Term
| 58. What is the Gram + cell envelope made from? |
|
Definition
| 58. > 40 peptidoglycan layer, Contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids |
|
|
Term
| 59. What substance in Gram +, are not found in Gram – cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 60. How are teichoic acids linked to peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 61. How are lipoteichoic acids anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 62. What is used to aid in identification of the bacteria? |
|
Definition
| 62. Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids |
|
|
Term
| 63. T/F Both Gram + and – can form spores. |
|
Definition
| 63. F – Only some Gram + can form spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 64. Dormant Bacterial form that resists heat, desiccation, and many chemicals |
|
|
Term
| 65. When do spores develop and how long do they live? |
|
Definition
| 65. In response to nutrient limitations or stress; Long-Lived! |
|
|
Term
| 66. What is present in a Gram – cell that Gram + cells do not have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 67. What does this membrane function as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 68. What is inbetween the inner and outer membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 69. T/F the peptidoglycan layers in Gram + and – are the same. |
|
Definition
| 69. F – the peptidoglycan layer in Gram – cells is thin 1-2 layers. |
|
|
Term
| 70. Why is the peptidoglycan layer a good drug target? |
|
Definition
| 70. Unique to bacteria and essential in most bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| 71. T/F All Bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall |
|
Definition
| 71. F – Mycoplasm and Chlamydiae do not |
|
|
Term
| 72. What makes up the “Glycan” portion of the cell wall? |
|
Definition
| 72. NAM-NAG, linked disaccharide chain repeated |
|
|
Term
| 73. What can cleave this linkage? |
|
Definition
| 73. Lysozyme – found in human tears and mucus membranes |
|
|
Term
| 74. What makes up the “peptide” portion? |
|
Definition
| 74. Pentapeptide composed of D- And L- amino acids |
|
|
Term
| 75. What portion of the peptidoglycan are crosslinked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 76. What is the 3 step process of peptidoglycan synthesis? |
|
Definition
| 76. 1. Single disaccharide linked to a pentapeptide are synthesized in the cytoplasm. 2. Translocated across cytoplasmic membrane. 3. Disaccharide chain links to growing chain, and cross linking occurs between glycan chains |
|
|
Term
| 77. What step is targeted by bacitracin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 78. What catalyzes crosslinking b/w glycan chains? |
|
Definition
| 78. Transpeptidase activity of penicillin-binding proteins |
|
|
Term
| 79. What step is the target of B-Lactam Antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| 79. Cross linking step, Step 3 |
|
|
Term
| 80. What is similar about the peptidoglycan structure among Gram + and -? |
|
Definition
| 80. NAM-NAG, pentapeptides bound to disaccharide. |
|
|
Term
| 81. What is different about the structure? |
|
Definition
| 81. Gram + have a L-lysine at the 3rd position, Gram – have a DAP |
|
|
Term
| 82. T/F DAP is only found in prokaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 83. What extra feature do some Gram + cells have? |
|
Definition
| 83. Interpeptide bridge, 5 glycines attaché to the 3rd position L-lysine |
|
|
Term
| 84. Where does cross-linking occur in Gram – cells? |
|
Definition
| 84. Between DAP on one and 4th D-Ala of another, (5th D-Ala released) |
|
|
Term
| 85. Where does cross-linking occure in Gram + cells? |
|
Definition
| 85. Interpeptide and 4th D-ala, or L-lys and 4th D-ala (if no interpeptide) (5th D-ala is released) |
|
|
Term
| 86. How many distinct forms of peptidoglycan have been found in gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 87. Where are these differences found? |
|
Definition
| 87. Pentapeptide and interpeptide bridges |
|
|
Term
| 88. What is necessary for cellular rigidity? |
|
Definition
| 88. Peptidoglycan cross-linking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 89. Penicillin binding proteins, secreted proteins that are anchored to the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane |
|
|
Term
| 90. What are the 2 categories of PBPs? |
|
Definition
| 90. High molecular weight and Low molecular weight |
|
|
Term
| 91. What do High Molecular weight PBPs do? |
|
Definition
| 91. Essential for growth, encode transpeptidase and transglycosylase activities |
|
|
Term
| 92. What do Low Molecular weight PBPs do? |
|
Definition
| 92. NOT essential for growth, Encode ONLY carboxypeptidase activity |
|
|
Term
| 93. What does B-Lactam antibiotics (penicillin) inhibit? |
|
Definition
| 93. Transpeptidase and Caraboxypeptidase activities, Cant’s Grow! |
|
|
Term
| 94. What percentage of pentapeptides are cross-linked in Gram -? Gram +? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95. What is the glycosidase called that hydrolyses the NAM-NAG bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 96. What type of cells is this an important antibacterial defense against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 97. Why is lysozyme less important in defense against Gram -? |
|
Definition
| 97. Presence of the Outer Membrane prevents lysozyme access to the peptidoglycan layer. |
|
|
Term
| 98. Which type of cell has extensive cross-linking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99. What is the main function of the Outer Membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100. What does the Outer Membrane protect the cell against? |
|
Definition
| 100. Antibiotics, lysozymes, toxins, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 101. What are 4 functions of proteins in the outer membrane? |
|
Definition
| 101. Autoagregation, Adhesins, Flagella/Pili, Phage recognition |
|
|
Term
| 102. Where are Lipopolysaccharides located? |
|
Definition
| 102. Outer leaflet of outer membrane |
|
|
Term
| 103. What is responsible for the permeability barrier properties of the Outer Membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 104. What is essential for viability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 105. How is the O-antigen attached to the Lipid A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 106. What is the O-antigen composed of? |
|
Definition
| 106. Repeating oligosaccharides |
|
|
Term
| 107. T/F The O-antigen is Highly variable and can be quite long. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 108. T/F The O-antigen is essential. |
|
Definition
| 108. F – it is not essential |
|
|
Term
| 109. What is the morphology of an O-Ag +? O-Ag - ? |
|
Definition
| 109. Smooth colonies; rough or dry on agar plates. |
|
|
Term
| 110. T/F The core polysaccharide is not essential for growth. |
|
Definition
| 110. F – it is essential for growth |
|
|
Term
| 111. What makes up the core polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
| 111. 7 Conserved carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| 112. What unique carbohydrates does the core polysaccharide have? |
|
Definition
| 112. 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonoic acid (KDO), Heptose |
|
|
Term
| 113. What type of cell is Lipid A unique to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 114. What is Lipid A commonly referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 115. What is Lipid A recognized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 116. What part of the LPS is responsible for the barrier properties of the outer membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 117. How do some pathogens alter the structure of LPS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 118. What can an altered LPS cause? |
|
Definition
| 118. Altered interactions with innate immune response |
|
|
Term
| 119. What can a Reduction of negative charge of the LPS result in? |
|
Definition
| 119. Altered interaction with TOL receptors and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. (RESISTANCE!) |
|
|
Term
| 120. T/F Alterations in Acylation results in altered interaction with TLR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 121. T/F Lipid A is not essential for Growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 122. What is Lipid A made up of? |
|
Definition
| 122. Acylated glucosamine disaccharide |
|
|
Term
| 123. What imparts negative charges to LPS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 124. What adaptive responses do some organisms have to affect interaction with the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| 124. Cap the phosphorylated part, or enzymatically remove the phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
| 125. What is the inside leaflet of the outer membrane made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 126. What makes up the outer leaflet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 127. What can lead to resistance to antimicrobial peptides? |
|
Definition
| 127. Reduction of negative charges of LPS |
|
|
Term
| 128. What stabilizes the LPS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 129. How are the Salt Bridges formed? |
|
Definition
| 129. Magnesium ions bound to phosphates of adjacent LPS molecules |
|
|
Term
| 130. T/F Some antibiotics target Salt bridges to destabilize the outer membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 131. What stimulates pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 132. How can endotoxic shock become life-threatening? |
|
Definition
| 132. IL-1 induction causes fever, macro & PMN activation causes oxidative damage , increased hypotension from increased permeability, thrombosis, tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
| 133. T/F cytoplasmic membrane is a target for antibiotics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 134. What is the difference between Gram + and – in secretion of proteins? |
|
Definition
| 134. Gram +: secreted across 1 membrane Gram -: secreted through 2 membranes; many proteins first secreted into periplasm, further processed then secreted into environment. |
|
|
Term
| 135. How many different mechanisms for protein secretion in bacteria are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 136. What is Type 1 and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| 136. ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter; in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| 137. What type of substrates to ABC transporters secrete? |
|
Definition
| 137. Drugs, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins |
|
|
Term
| 138. What type is the General Secretory pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 139. What are Type II pathways unique to and what do they involve? |
|
Definition
| 139. Bacteria; chaperones, and signal peptides |
|
|
Term
| 140. What type is associated with pathogenic strains? |
|
Definition
| 140. Type III “contact dependent secretion systems” |
|
|
Term
| 141. How do Type III mechanisms work? |
|
Definition
| 141. Directly inject effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| 142. What type is associated with conjugation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 143. What is an example of Type IV? |
|
Definition
| 143. Helicobacter, Pertussis Toxin |
|
|
Term
| 144. What Type is related to Porin Proteins? |
|
Definition
| 144. Type V, Autotransporters |
|
|
Term
| 145. How do Autotransporter work? |
|
Definition
| 145. Exports proteins to the cell surface where they are released by proteolytic cleavage into the extracellular environment |
|
|
Term
| 146. What Type was discovered most recent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 147. How do bacteria divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 148. What kind of growth does this result in? |
|
Definition
| 148. Exponential growth. Cell number = 2n, where n = number of divisions |
|
|
Term
| 149. What does division by binary fission require? |
|
Definition
| 149. 1) Extension of cell wall; 2) Replication of the genome; 3) Segregation of Chromosomes by membrane attachment; 4) Septum formation |
|
|
Term
| 150. How is Growth Rate equated? |
|
Definition
| 150. Growth Rate = ∆ in #cells / unit time |
|
|
Term
| 151. What is the generation time? |
|
Definition
| 151. The time required for one cell to grow and divide into two cells. |
|
|
Term
| 152. What is the generation time dependent on? |
|
Definition
| 152. Growth conditions – pH, temp, salinity, nutrients, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 153. What are the four phase of the bacterial growth curve? |
|
Definition
| 153. Lag Phase, Esponential (log) Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase |
|
|
Term
| 154. What phase is associated with adapting to a new environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 155. What phase has a great death rate than growth rate in culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 156. What phase corresponds with a maximal DNA and protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 157. In what phase do bacteria have an elevated resistance to antibiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 158. What phase may cells need to synthesize enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 159. Why might cells need to synthesize enzymes? |
|
Definition
| 159. To utilize nutrients in the medium or for adaptive responses to changes in osmolarity, pH, temperature, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 160. In what phase are bacteria most susceptible to drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 161. What phase is the best time to do differential staining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 162. What phase do cells become metabolically inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 163. What phase do gram + bacteria produce spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 164. What phase is the growth rate equal to the death rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 165. What is a complex aggregation of microorganisms encased in a protective, adhesive carbohydrate matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 166. What are Biofilms characterized by? |
|
Definition
| 166. 1) Surface attachment; 2) structural heterogeneity; 3) genetic diversity; 4) complex community interactions |
|
|
Term
| 167. What percentage of all infections are estimated to be caused by Biofilms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 168. T/F Biofilm associated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 169. How do biofilms protect against the immune system? |
|
Definition
| 169. Antiphagocytic; Brovide barrier against immune system |
|
|
Term
| 170. During energy production in eukaryotes what is the ultimate electron acceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 171. What toxic products are produced as a result of metabolism in the presence of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 171. Hydrogen peroxide and Superoxide anion |
|
|
Term
| 172. What type of bacteria require oxygen for growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 173. What are the oxygen requirements of Microaerophiles? |
|
Definition
| 173. Oxygen levels form 2-10% |
|
|
Term
| 174. What type of bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 175. How do Aerotolerant anaerobes deal with oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 175. Do not use aerobic metabolism, but have enzymes that detoxify the poisonous forms of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| 176. What type of bacteria can grow in the presense of absence of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 176. Facultative anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| 177. What type of metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 178. Why are obligate anaerobes killed in the presence of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| 178. Lack enzymes required to detoxify toxic forms of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| 179. What specific enzyme do obligate anaerobes lack to detoxify superoxide? |
|
Definition
| 179. Superoxide dismutase |
|
|
Term
| 180. What other enzymes do they lack to get rid of the product of superoxide dismutase? |
|
Definition
| 180. Catalase and peroxidase |
|
|
Term
| 181. What is formed by superoxide dismutase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 182. What type of oxygen requirement do most bacteria have? |
|
Definition
| 182. Facultative anaerobes; they grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| 183. What enzyme do all Facultative anaerobes have? |
|
Definition
| 183. Superoxide Dismutase |
|
|
Term
| 184. How do low temperatures affect bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| 184. Affects membrane fluidity and enzyme kinetics |
|
|
Term
| 185. How do Maximal temperatures affect bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| 185. Reduced growth due to protein denaturation, thermal lysis and membrane collapse. |
|
|
Term
| 186. What category of growth temperatures are most human pathogens in? What is the temperature range? |
|
Definition
| 186. Mesophiles; ~15-45 C |
|
|
Term
| 187. What are the bacteria called that grow at temperatures between -5-20C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 188. What temperatures do Hyperthermophiles grow at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 189. What bacteria grow best at temperatures between ~45 – 80 C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 190. How do pH levels in the body inhibit microbial growth? |
|
Definition
| 190. Certain regions of the body have lower pH which prevents microbial growth. Ex. Vaginal secretions |
|
|
Term
| 191. What is an example of a pathogen that has adapted to an acidic environment? |
|
Definition
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Term
| 192. What is an organism that is capable of synthesizing ALL its metabolites called? Example? |
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Definition
| 192. Prototroph; E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas |
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Term
| 193. What is an Auxotroph? Example? |
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Definition
| 193. An organism that has lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for its growth and metabolism as the result of mutational changes; Chlamydia, Lactobacilli, Haemophilus, Neisseriae, Francisella |
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Term
| 194. What are essential nutrients that bacteria can’t produce on their own called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 195. What is commonly used to identify and differentiate bacteria? |
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Definition
| 195. Nutrient requirements |
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Term
| 196. What mineral is essential from growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| 197. What proteins are used as a host defense to protect iron? |
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Definition
| 197. Lactoferrin and transferrin |
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Term
| 198. How have pathogenic bacteria evolved to get the iron they need? |
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Definition
| 198. 1) Transporter for lactoferrin and transferrin; 2) Production of siderophores 3) production of iron releasing cytotoxins |
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Term
| 199. What are Siderophores? |
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Definition
| 199. Iron binding compounds that can ‘steal’ iron from lactoferrin |
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Term
| 200. What two groups do microbial metabolism fall into? |
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Definition
| 200. Anabolism and Catabolism |
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Term
| 201. What type of reactions make new cell components and require energy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 202. What happens in Catabolism? |
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Definition
| 202. Breakdown of compounds for building blocks, creation of energy |
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Term
| 203. What common intermediate is made in metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| 204. What determines the fate of pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| 205. In the presence of oxygen how is pyruvate utilized? |
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Definition
| 205. Funneled through Krebs Cycle. |
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Term
| 206. What are the electrons removed from pyruvate used for? |
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Definition
| 206. Reduce NAD+ à NADH and FAD+ à FADH2 |
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Term
| 207. Where are these coenzymes used? Where are the electrons transferred to? |
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Definition
| 207. ECT; oxygen – the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration. |
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Term
| 208. What occurs in the absence of oxygen? |
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Definition
| 208. Anaerobic respiration – fermentation |
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Term
| 209. How is Pyruvate used in fermentation? |
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Definition
| 209. Degraded to various organic end products; lactic acid, ethanol |
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Term
| 210. What can be used in fermentation to identify and classify bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| 211. Which is more efficient in energy production, Aerobic or anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| 212. How many ATP can Aerobic respiration produce? Anaerobic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 213. How are bacteria classified? |
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Definition
| 213. Phenotype and/or genotype |
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Term
| 214. What phenotypic traits can be observed in bacteria? |
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Definition
| 214. 1) Staining characteristics; 2) Shape; 3) biotype differentiation; 4) colony appearance; 5) antigen-specific tests |
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Term
| 215. What are RFLP patterns? |
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Definition
| 215. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism – technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the sizes of chromosomal fragments generated following digestion with a restriction enzyme. |
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Term
| 216. What is the taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species? |
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Definition
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Term
| 217. What are individual organisms displaying similar characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| 218. How do subspecies usually arise? |
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Definition
| 218. From geographic separation |
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Term
| 219. How can different strains be defined? |
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Definition
| 219. Serotype and biotype |
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Term
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Definition
| 220. A pure culture of organism isolated from heterogeneous population of microorganism |
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Term
| 221. What are the bacterial taxonomy relevant to the clinical setting? |
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Definition
| 221. Genus à Species à Strain à Subspecies à Biovar/Biotype à Serovar/Serotype |
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Term
| 222. What is the most deadly subspecies of Francisella tularensis? |
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Definition
| 222. Francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis |
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Term
| 223. How do the two different species of Salmonella differ? |
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Definition
| 223. Salmonella typhi – typhoid fever Salmonella typhimurium – gastroenteritis |
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Term
| 224. What bacteria is a Gram + Cocci, catalase+? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 225. How is streptococcus classified? |
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Definition
| 225. Gram+ cocci, catalase – |
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Term
| 226. What color do gram + stain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 227. What color do gram – stain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 228. What color are gram – after decolorize? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 229. What are the steps for Gram staining? |
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Definition
| 229. 1) Fix the bacteria of a slide 2) flood slide with crystal violet 3) Rinse add Iodine 4) Rinse and decolorize 5) Add Safranin and Rinse 6) pat dry |
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Term
| 230. What are 3 exceptions to the gram stain and why? |
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Definition
| 230. Mycoplasma – lack cell wall; Chlamydiae – disulfide linked proteins not peptidoglycan; Mycobacteria – waxy lipids in cell wall |
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Term
| 231. What type of stain is used for Mycobacterium and Nocardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| 232. What is used for a dye in Acid-fast stains? What color does it stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| 233. What is added to Acid-fast stains to visualize other cells present? |
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Definition
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Term
| 234. What diseases do Mycobacterium and Nocardia cause? |
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Definition
| 234. Tuberculosis, leprosy, other skin/lung infections |
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Term
| 235. Where can Transient Flora be found? |
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Definition
| 235. Environment – door handles, desks, people |
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Term
| 236. What is the population of organisms called that are regularly found at any anatomical site? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 237. T/F Internal tissues contain Resident Flora. |
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Definition
| 237. F – Internal tissues are free of microorganisms |
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Term
| 238. What type of organisms are found in the Resident Flora? |
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Definition
| 238. Bacteria (most), Fungi (few), Protozoa (rare) |
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Term
| 239. What region of the body is most poplulated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 240. Do the blood, brain, and muscle have normal flora? |
|
Definition
| 240. No – Internal tissues are free of microorganisms |
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Term
| 241. What are 3 examples of bacteria that occupy multiple niches of the body? |
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Definition
| 241. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebactrium spp. |
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|
Term
| 242. What is Tissue Tropism? |
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Definition
| 242. Favoring growth in one tissue more than another. |
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|
Term
| 243. What factors can influence flora diversity? |
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Definition
| 243. 1) Age and sex 2) Diet and nutrition 3) Sanitation and hygiene |
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Term
| 244. How does normal flora prevent colonization of pathogenic bacteria? |
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Definition
| 244. 1) competing for attachement sites and nutrients. 2) Antagonize bacterial growth |
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|
Term
| 245. What is another benefit of Normal Flora? |
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Definition
| 245. Synthesize and excrete vitamins – K, B12 |
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Term
| 246. How can the Normal Flora contribute to disease? Examples? |
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Definition
| 246. Bacteria from one site infect a new site; E. Coli from GI pathogenic in lung or urinary tract; Streptococci to Blood stream from oral surgery |
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|
Term
| 247. What happens in antibiotic induced diarrhea? |
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Definition
| 247. Antibiotics destroy normal flora allowing opportunistic pathogens to grow. |
|
|
Term
| 248. What are Nosocomial Infections? |
|
Definition
| 248. Infections that result from staying in a hospital |
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|
Term
| 249. Where does Corynebacterium diphtheriae occupy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 250. What bacterium only occupies the urogenital epithelium? |
|
Definition
| 250. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae |
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|
Term
| 251. What are most Nosocomial infections due to? |
|
Definition
| 251. Antibiotic-resistant organisms |
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|
Term
| 252. What 3 factors result in Nosocomial infections? |
|
Definition
| 252. 1) High prevalence of pathogens 2) Compromised hosts 3) efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient |
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|
Term
| 253. Where do 25% of Nosocomial infections develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 254. What is the single most important method to limit cross transmission? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 255. What is used on the skin or other tissue to reduce microorganisms? |
|
Definition
| 255. Antiseptics; Iodine, Alcohol |
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|
Term
| 256. What is used on inanimate objects to reduce microorganisms? |
|
Definition
| 256. Disinfectants; alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, surfactants |
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|
Term
| 257. The suffix –stasis/-static refers to? |
|
Definition
| 257. Inhibition; no complete destruction (stuck like static) |
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|
Term
| 258. –cide/cidal refers to? |
|
Definition
| 258. Destruction or inactivation (homicide) |
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|
Term
| 259. What 3 environmental conditions affect treatment? |
|
Definition
| 259. 1) Temperature and pH 2) Composition and Quantity 3) Contact time |
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|
Term
| 260. How does high temperature control bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| 260. Denaturation of proteins |
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|
Term
| 261. Why is moist heat more effective then Dry heat? |
|
Definition
| 261. Water is a better conductor |
|
|
Term
| 262. T/F Pasteurization sterilizes dairy products and fruit juices. |
|
Definition
| 262. F – Not sterilization, heat resistant microbes survive |
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|
Term
| 263. Is Boiling complete sterilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 264. How do you achieve true sterilization? |
|
Definition
| 264. 121C at 15 psi for 15min |
|
|
Term
| 265. What can survive with boiling? |
|
Definition
| 265. Endospores, protozoan cysts, some viruses |
|
|
Term
| 266. What is a very effective dry heat treatment? |
|
Definition
| 266. Incineration (inoculating loop) |
|
|
Term
| 267. Why is slow freezing better then quick freezing? |
|
Definition
| 267. Crystals form and puncture membranes |
|
|
Term
| 268. How do HEPA filters work? |
|
Definition
| 268. Filters microbes out of air and gas |
|
|
Term
| 269. What are the 2 categories of radiation? |
|
Definition
| 269. Ionizing and nonionizing |
|
|
Term
| 270. How does ionizing radiation work? |
|
Definition
| 270. Creates ions by ejecting electrons from the atoms they strike |
|
|
Term
| 271. What are 3 examples of Ionizing radiation? |
|
Definition
| 271. Electron Beams, Gamma Rays, X-rays |
|
|
Term
| 272. What form is used to sterilize food products? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 273. Which has Rapid cell death, but poor tissue penetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 274. What is non-ionizing radiation suitable for? |
|
Definition
| 274. Disinfection air, transparent fluids, surfaces |
|
|
Term
| 275. What is the symbol used to label irradiated foods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 276. What is an example of non-ionizing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 277. Excites electrons, making new covalent bonds |
|
|
Term
| 278. What Causes Thymine Dimers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 279. What type of chemical control is best for blood, vomit, feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 280. What type of organisms are Alcohols not effective against? |
|
Definition
| 280. Fungal spores and endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 281. Solutions of other antimicrobial agents in alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| 282. What chemical agent is effective against vegetative bacterial and fungal cells, fungal spores, bacterial endospores, and protozoan cysts, as well as many viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 283. What is used in the treatment of drinking water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 284. What is an effective sporocide used to sterilize equipment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 285. Antimicrobial surfactants |
|
|
Term
| 286. What can be used to prevent blindness by N. gonorrhoeae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 287. What is Thimerosal used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 288. How do heavy metals control bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| 288. Ions precipitate proteins and react with sulfhydryl groups on enzymes |
|
|
Term
| 289. What type of disinfecting agent is Formalin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 290. T/F You’re glad this is the last question. |
|
Definition
| 290. T – you’re sane F – you might be a gunner |
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