Term
| Name 3 functions of the cytoskeleton in the cell. |
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Definition
1. Cell structure
2. Organelle movement and vesicle movement
3. Cell motility |
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Term
| Function of microtubules. |
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Definition
| Organelle position & intracelluar transport are a function of which cytoskeleton structure? |
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Term
| Function of intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| Mechainical strength is a property of which cytoskeletal structure? |
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Term
| Function of microfilaments. |
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Definition
| Cell shape & movement are determined by which cytoskeleton structure? |
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Term
| Which cytoskeletal structure can survive cell death (very strong)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cytoskeletal structure makes up hair, nails, claws, fur, scales, and other out covering of skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Desmosomes link cells together by what means? |
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Definition
| Linking Intermediate filaments |
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Term
| How are cells held together? |
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments linking to desmosomes. |
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Term
| How can pathologists characterize the origin of a tumor cell that may have metastasized? |
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Definition
| Through the identification of intermediate filament type. |
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Term
| What does it mean if a cell is keratinized? |
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Definition
| The cell is dead and contains a tough protein called KERATIN. |
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Term
| You biopsy a tumor found in the lymph node under the armpit and find that tumor cells express neurofilaments. Where was the origin of the tumor? |
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Definition
| The brain or spinal cord. |
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Term
| Name the 6 types of intermediate filaments. If possible also affiliate cell types & examples. |
|
Definition
1. Keratins
2. Vimentin
3. Desmin
4. Gilial fibrillary
5. Neurofilaments
6. Lamins |
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Term
| Where might you find cells with more than one nucleus? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle cells, they have fused together. |
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Term
| Describe how chromosomes are structurally made up. |
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around HISTONES making NUCLEOSOMES which collectively make up CHROMATIN. This makes up chromosomes. |
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Term
| What is the basic unit of DNA packing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What makes up a nucleosome? |
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around HISTONES H2A, H2B, H3, & H4. |
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Term
| There are approximately __________ nuclear pores in a nucleus. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA transcribed from DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for a highly condensed, trascriptionally INACTIVE part of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for an uncondensed, trascriptionally active part of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA trascribed? |
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Definition
| tRNA and rRNA are transcribed from euchromatin scattered throughout the nucleus. mRNA is transcribed in the NUCLEOLUS. |
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Term
| Where are ribosomes synthesized? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ribosomal proteins made? |
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Definition
| In the cytoplasm, they are imported to the nucelous during ribosomal synthesis. |
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Term
| True or false: The large and small subunit are synthesized in the nucleolus and remain associated from then on. |
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Definition
| False: The small and large subunits separate after being constructed together and leave separately from the nucleus. |
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Term
| Knobs on chromosomes indicate what? |
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Definition
| Knobs indicate the position of genes that code for RNA. |
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Term
| What indicates genes that code for RNA? |
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Definition
| Knobs; like on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear Localization Sequence, signals for nuclear import and usually contains basics amino acids. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear Export Sequence, singals for nuclear export and contains hydrophobic amino acids usually. |
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Term
| Name two nuclear carriers. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the enzyme that regulates nuclear carriers by binding and releasing thier cargo. |
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Definition
| Ran - Ras-related Nuclear protein |
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Term
| How many ribosomes are made per minute in a single cell? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the process that is highly associated with mRNA export. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Greek term -ome mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Greek term -oma mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two ways a cell can produce ATP. |
|
Definition
1. Oxidative phosphorylation (in the mitochondria)
2. glycolysis in the cytoplasm |
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|
Term
| How many APTs come from the mitochondrial breakdown of a molecule of glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What organelles can break down fatty acids to produce acetyl-Coa? |
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Definition
| Mitochondria & Peroxisomes |
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|
Term
| What organelles can use acetyl-CoA to produce ATP? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Human cells have how many mitochondria per cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Mitochondria are rigid structures. |
|
Definition
| False, they are very plastic and change shape rapidly |
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|
Term
| Are mitochondria spherical, tubular, or none of the above? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the foldings in a mitochondria called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the only ion pores in human cells found? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria, they are called porins |
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|
Term
| What compartment of the mitochondria has a similar contents as the cells cytosol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many genes are on the mitochondrial DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the mitochondria make its proteins? |
|
Definition
| Most are encoded by the nuclear genome, translated on cytoplasmic ribosomes, and imported post-translationally into mitochondria. |
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|
Term
| In which compartment of the mitochondria does the DNA reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many copies of DNA are in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the mitochondria replicate for cell division? |
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Definition
| It dynamically divides by fission and fuses as needed. |
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Term
| All mitochondria comes from our mother, but if sperm are packed with mitochondria to work the flagellum why don't we get any from our father? |
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Definition
| 2 ways: (1) sperm mitochondria are tagged with ubiquitin which taggs them for destruction in the embryo. (2) dilution factor: many more mitochondria in the egg than the sperm. |
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|
Term
| Where is cytochrome C located? |
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Definition
| It is mobile in the intermembrane space. |
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|
Term
| What is the name of a "double" phopholipid? |
|
Definition
| Cardiolipin, it has 4 fatty acid tails. |
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|
Term
| What is the key feature cardiolipin plays in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| It packs tighter in the inner membrane making it stronger to withstand the extreme stress from the proton motive force. |
|
|
Term
| How and where is cardiolipin converted? |
|
Definition
| The mitochondria imports lipids and performs the conversion. |
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|
Term
| How is the signal for ubiquination identified? |
|
Definition
| It is buried deep in the protein structure, when the structure degrades it is exposed. |
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Term
| Name 3 special properties of the lysosome membrane: |
|
Definition
1. ATP drivin [H+] pump
2. glycoprotein coat to protect itself
3. transporter channels to move out broken down products. |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane bound organelle that digest proteins. |
|
Definition
| Lysosome, proteosome also digest protein specifically but is not membrane bound. |
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Term
| Name the sources of vesicles that contain material bound for lysosomal degradation. |
|
Definition
1. Endosomes containing EC molecules
2. Phagosomes, phagocytosed material
3. Autosomes containing expired organelles |
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Term
| Give an example of a lysosomal storage disease. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the main function of the peroxisome? |
|
Definition
| To ride the body of toxins. (hydrogen peroxide, alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| What two organelles are the highest oxygen consumers? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria & Peroxisome. |
|
|
Term
| Name the peroxisomal matrix enzyme that uses H2O2 to oxidize other substrates. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the B-oxidation reactants and products. |
|
Definition
| The alkyl chains of fatty acids are shortened to for Acetyl CoA, this is then used in the mitochondria if completed in peroxisomes. |
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Term
| Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol made in the smooth ER? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What defects cause someone to have the genetic disease, Zellweger's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Defective PTS (Peroxisomal targeting signal) which makes 'empty' peroxisomes. Peroxisomes make precursors to myelin, so there are neuron complications as well. |
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