Term
| how much of our O2 comes from algae |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| one organism used to kill another |
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|
Term
| who discovered the first good microscope |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who sectioned cork and named the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was schleiden and schwanns cell theory |
|
Definition
cell is basic unit of life
all organims are composed of 1 or more cell
cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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|
Term
| who was the founder of bacteriology and discovered endospores |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who did the maggot experiment to disprove spontaneous generation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| who boiled solution then sealed it and found it did not spoil |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who discovered biogenesis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| who put spontaneous generation to rest with the flask experiment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| who said there were invisible living seeds that cause disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
| who studied the protozoan causing silkworn disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Kochs postulates for proving the cause of disease |
|
Definition
same pathogen is present in every inflicted organism
pathogen must be isolated from host and be grown in culture
pathogen in culture must infect a healthy organism
pathogen must be reisolated from inoculated organism and show to be the same as the orginal organism |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Ivanovsky and Beijerinck with the tobacco mosaic virus that retained bacteria through a filter but not the virus |
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|
Term
| who discovered the small pox vaccine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who discovered rabies and cholera vaccine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| who first treated syphilis and used the first synthetic drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who discovered penicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who discovered the aseptic technique that sterilized and prevented spreading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who developed binomial nomenclature |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the five kingdoms |
|
Definition
monera
fungi
protista
plantae
animalia |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of water |
|
Definition
polar molecule
termperature stability (hydrogen bond, high specific heat)
good solvent
involved in chemical reactions
cohesive (resists rupturing under tension)
ice floats
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|
Term
| what is a functional group |
|
Definition
| atom or group bonded to a C backbone giving it characteristic structure and function |
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|
Term
| what are carbohydrates used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are monosaccharides and ex |
|
Definition
simple sugars, 3-7 C atoms
glucose
fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two monosacs bonded together
sucrose
glycosidec bond alpha 1,5 |
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|
Term
| what is a condensation (dehydration) reaction |
|
Definition
| two or more small molecules (monomers) joined together to form a larger one where water is lost in the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large molecule split apart by adding water |
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|
Term
| what is lactose composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of polysacs and what are there linkages |
|
Definition
starch alpha 1,4
cellulose beta 1,4
glycogen alpha 1,6
chitin (fungi) insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
storage
structure
energy
hydrophobic; amphipathic |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of glycerides |
|
Definition
glycerol
fatty acid (ester linkage) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
structure
storage
energy
muscle structure
enzymes
hair, cartilage, skin
toxins
antibodies
hemoglobin |
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|
Term
protein is what kind of molecule
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the monomer of the polymer protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of an amino acid |
|
Definition
amino group NH2
carboxyl group COOH
amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another by dehydration reaction.
|
|
|
Term
| what are two amino acids bonded together called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are up to 100 amino acids bonded together called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| over 100 amino acids bonded together are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary structure of a protein is for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary structure of a protein is |
|
Definition
twisting folding due to H bonds
involves interaction between the R groups of the amino acids in the polypeptide or atoms in the peptide bonds
|
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the tertiary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
3-D
involves folding of the molecule and formation of exposed regions
|
|
|
|
Term
| what is the quaternary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
| two or more polypeptide chains that serve as a functional unit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
DNA, RNA (direct synthesis of proteins)
|
|
|
Term
| what type of structure is a nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the monomer of a nucleic acid |
|
Definition
nucleotide
sugar, 5c
nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(monomer)
adenine
ribose
3 phosphates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lower limit to size |
|
Definition
| .1-.2 micrometers in order to house essential molecules |
|
|
Term
| what is a vibrio shaped prokaryote |
|
Definition
| comma shaped (cholereans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many cells bundled together |
|
|
Term
| what does the plasma membrane consist of |
|
Definition
30-40% lipid
60-70% protein
6-7nm thick
phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| what do proteins in the membrane do |
|
Definition
shape
enzymatic activity
transport
recognition
receptors
adhesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with membrane but not embedded (clustered) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several layers of peptidoglycan (up to 25)
techoic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single layer of peptidoglycan
no teichoic acids
has outer membrane
|
|
|
Term
| what is associated with the outer membrane of the gram negative wall of a prokaryote |
|
Definition
1. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(1)
- polysaccharide
- core poly sac
- O polysac-antigen
- Lipid A- endotoxin, released when cell dies, food poisoning
2. lipoproteins- anchor between outermembrane and peptidoglycan
3. portins- protein channels
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between outer surface of the plasma membrane and inner surface of the outer membrane, gel, contains protein |
|
|
Term
| why are gram negative cells walls less affected by penicillin |
|
Definition
| they have thin cell walls |
|
|
Term
| three types of archaea cell walls |
|
Definition
pseudomurein
S-layer
glycocalyx (capsule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
archaea wall type
n-acetylgucosamine
n acetyltalosaminouronic acid
b 1,3 glycosidic bonds between sugars
some have polysaccharides
most have s layers protein or glycoprotein
parachstaline structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
g- adheres to outermembrane
g+ adheres to peptidoglycan
protection from PH fluctuation, osmotic stress, enzymes, adhesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slime layer, polysaccharides and proteins
protection from phagocytosis, larger the capsule greater the bacterial virulence (Klebsiella Pneumoniae)
adherence
food reserves, resistance to desiccation
biofilms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long extensions, exchange of geneticinformation
adherence, twitching motility
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous appendage, propulsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tufts at one or both ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein, solid extension of cell wall and membrane, helical shaped, moves like a propeller |
|
|
Term
| sub units of protein used to make the flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parts of the flagellum (gram -) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of the basal body |
|
Definition
motor
L ring in LPS layer
P ring anchored in peptidoglycan layer
rod
ms, c rings in cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm
rotor (moveable)- ms, c rings, fli proteins
fli proteins change direction
stator- Mot proteins that surround the MS and C rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endotoxin, released when cell dies, food poisoning |
|
|
Term
| difference in gram positive flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer is the L ring located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer is the P ring in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the ms and c rings located |
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does the rotor consist of |
|
Definition
| ms, c rings and fli proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the fli proteins function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the stator and where is it located |
|
Definition
| Mot proteins that surround the MS and C rings |
|
|
Term
| how fast can a bacteria move |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granular area
nuclear area
plasmids- small pieces of circular DNA
inclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80% water, 70s ribosomes present
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular chromosome, no nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reserve deposits
plysacs-glycogen
lipids
metachromatic granules-phosphates, sulfer
magnetosomes-magnetotaxis
gas vesicles- cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internally produced, resistant structures, germinate when conditions favorable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exosporium
spore coat
cortex-peptidoglycen
core |
|
|
Term
| core of endospore contains |
|
Definition
core wall
cytoplasmic membrane and internal contents of cell, 10-25% water of vegetative cell
diplocolinic acid, Ca help reduce water availabilitry-protects DNA from heat
small acid soluble proteins (SASP)-protect DNA from light (UV) |
|
|
Term
what helps helps reduce water availability and protects
DNA from heat in an endospore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what protects DNA from light in an endospore |
|
Definition
| small acid soluble proteins (SASP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| structures external to cell wall (eukaryote) |
|
Definition
flagella
cilia-more complex than prokaryote cell, 9+2 arrangement of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simpler than bacteria
algae-cellulose
fungi-chitin
pellicle-protozians (euglena)protein, flexible
plasma membrane same-egosterol, cholestrol |
|
|
Term
what are algae and fungi cell walls made of
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear envelope-has pores
chromatin-linear dna and proteins
nucleolus-RNA synthesis
nucleoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of membranes and canals, tubes, coordinates and channes for metabolic activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has ribosomes, protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| w/o ribosomes, lipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
integrated with er
lipids, carbs added to proteins
packaging centers
finished product exported in secretory proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed form golgi, contain enzymes, digestive function, white blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy releasing reactions in cell
inner membrane folds (cristae), matrix-inner space
mitochondria have own DNA and 70s ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present in anaerobic eukaryotes that lack mitochondria, pyruvic acid to acetate
|
|
|
Term
| eukaryote with hydrogenosomes |
|
Definition
| trichomonas, ciliated protists, mud, ruminant guts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ester linkage bonds glycerol to fatty acids in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ether linkage bonds glycerol to hydrophobic sidechains in |
|
Definition
| archaea (stronger than ester) |
|
|
Term
| difference in Archaea hydrophobic side chain |
|
Definition
archaea lack fatty acids
composerd of repeating 5-c isoprene units
phytanyl
2 phyanyl side chains are linked to form 40-c biphytanyl |
|
|
Term
| common hydrophobic side chain in archaea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passive
diffusion
osmosis
aquaporins
active transport
simple transport group translocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no energy
small molecules-h2o o2 co2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transport proteins (integral)
transport water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy required
polar, charged molecules
against gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of simple transport proteins |
|
Definition
symporter
uniporter
antiporter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transport one molecule along with another substance (proton)
lactose-lac permease (trans protein)
H+ with lactose (proton motive force) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport a molecule across the membrane (pottasium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport molecule across membrane in opposite direction (sodium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance transported is chemicall modified-phosphorylated;sugars; |
|
|
Term
| Phosphotransferase system (PTS) or PEP group translocation |
|
Definition
| five proteins are used to transport a given sugar. before transportation the proteins in the phosphotransferase system are alternately phosphorylated and dephosphorylated until the sugar is phosphorylated. |
|
|
Term
| where are HPr, enzyme I and enzyme IIa located in the PTS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Enzyme IIb located in the PTS |
|
Definition
| Inner surface of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where does Enzyme IIc lie in PTS |
|
Definition
| it is an integral membrane protein |
|
|
Term
Which proteins in the PTS are specific to sugars and which are not
|
|
Definition
Enzyme IIa and b
Enzyme I and HPr |
|
|
Term
| what are the three transport systems in bacteria |
|
Definition
simple
group translocation
ABC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ATP-binding cassette transporters
transports sugars, amino acids, ions and export of proteins |
|
|
Term
| how many proteins are used in the ABC transport and their function |
|
Definition
Periplasm binding protein-binds to substance (periplasm)
transporter protein (membrane)
ATP hydrolyzing protein (inner) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of teichoic acids |
|
Definition
| hair like molecules, enzyme activity, transport ions, serology (antigen/antibody) |
|
|
Term
| what causes food poisoning |
|
Definition
| Lipid A endotoxin, released when cell dies |
|
|
Term
| cell walls in prokaryotes are what kind of peptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wall formation (peptide bond formation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid found in walls of Mycobacterium, acid fast stain |
|
|
Term
| staining of gram negative |
|
Definition
| outer membrane washed away with ethanol rinse, thin wall does not retain crystal violet, cells are red, counter stained with safranin |
|
|
Term
| what kind of genes are on plasmids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
25nm
hollow
composed of proteins alpha and beta tubulin
maintain cell shape
motility by cilia and flagella
chromosome movement during cell division
and in movement of organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smaller 7nm
plymers of two intertwined strands of protein actin
maintaing and changing cell shape
cell motility by pseudopodia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrous keratin
supercoiled into thicker fibers
maintains cell shape and positioning organelles in the cell |
|
|
Term
| cell walls in prokaryotes are found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
|
|
Definition
animal, some fungi, some protists
cells are embedded outside the membrane
made of glycoproteinsprovides a means for cells to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell and to coordinate the activities of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| main carbohydrate storage in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaking of polymer molecules into smaller subunits is accomplished through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stator is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cellulose the bond between sugar units is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biphytanyl forms the structure of |
|
Definition
| Archaea membrane structure |
|
|
Term
| part of the gram p wall but not gram n |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotic; single celled; no nucleus; peptidoglycan cell wall; binary fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotic; pseudopeptidoglycan or no cell wall; extreme environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic; uni (yeast) or multicellular; chitin cell wall; sexual or asexual reproduction; most in soil and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic; unicellular; motility by peudopods, flagella or cilia; free or parasites; sexual or asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic; photosynthetic; cellulose cell wall; sexual or asexual reproduction; important for oxygen; marine environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hold together monomers that make up polysaccharides
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
links C5 carbon phophate group to C3 carbon of another nucleotide
|
|
|
|
Term
| Types of Passive Transport (3) |
|
Definition
Facilitated Diffusion: Uses Transporters (permeases)
Osmosis: Non-water Molecules
Diffusion: Non-water Molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large granules that dye blue with methylene blue dye
Reserves of Inorganic phosphate to be used for ATP synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two common spore-formers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipopolyshaccharide (LPS) |
|
Definition
| Molecule that makes up the out layer of the the outer membrame of a Gram-negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sight of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains enzymes to neutralize hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a polymer of covalently linked monomeric units, such as DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, and lipids |
|
|
