Term
Which of the following are double-stranded RNA viruses?
A) Picornaviridae
B) Coronaviridae
C) Retroviridae
D) Reoviridae
E) Rhabdoviridae |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following RNA viruses are the smallest viral pathogens in animals?
A) Picornaviridae
B) Coronaviridae
C) Paramyxoviridae
D) Arenaviridae
E) Rhinoviridae |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a family of six-pointed, star-shaped viruses that cause gastrointestinal diseases?
A) Picornaviridae
B) Caliciviridae
C) Rhabdoviridae
D) Coronaviridae
E) echovirus |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about rhinoviruses is FALSE?
A) They are limited to infecting the upper respiratory tract.
B) They are the only viruses that can cause a common cold.
C) They are extremely infectious.
D) They thrive at 33°C.
E) Person-to-person contact is the most common mode of transmission. |
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Definition
| B) They are the only viruses that can cause a common cold. |
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Term
Enteroviruses gain their name from the fact that
A) they infect the gastrointestinal tract.
B) they are able to withstand the low pH of the stomach.
C) they are transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
D) they spread from the intestinal lining into the bloodstream to cause viremia.
E) they remain latent inside cells in the stomach and intestines. |
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Definition
| C) they are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. |
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Term
Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are signs and symptoms associated with which of the following viruses?
A) coxsackie A
B) enterovirus
C) rhinovirus
D) echovirus
E) norovirus |
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Definition
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Term
Some patients who have suffered from polio develop symptoms 30—40 years later in the form of
A) repeated cold symptoms.
B) meningitis.
C) encephalitis.
D) crippling deterioration and dysfunction in the polio-affected muscles.
E) deterioration of the nerves that control polio-affected muscles |
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Definition
| D) crippling deterioration and dysfunction in the polio-affected muscles. |
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Term
The type of polio that involves the infection of the brain stem and medulla is
A) asymptomatic polio.
B) postpolio syndrome.
C) bulbar poliomyelitis.
D) minor polio.
E) nonparalytic polio |
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Definition
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Term
Enteroviruses are
A) more common in winter.
B) transmitted by fomites.
C) detected using serologic testing.
D) not common because numerous vaccines are available.
E) treated with antiviral agents |
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Definition
| C) detected using serologic testing. |
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Term
Diseases caused by coxsackie A virus include
A) myocarditis.
B) hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
C) viral meningitis.
D) hepatitis.
E) hand-foot-and-mouth disease and viral meningitis |
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Definition
| E) hand-foot-and-mouth disease and viral meningitis |
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Term
Which of the following viruses is suspected of being a cause of diabetes mellitus?
A) coxsackie A virus
B) coxsackie B virus
C) echoviruses
D) enteroviruses
E) hepatitis A |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following viruses may cause viral meningitis?
A) echoviruses
B) rhinoviruses
C) coxsackie viruses
D) echoviruses and rhinoviruses
E) echoviruses and coxsackie viruses |
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Definition
| E) echoviruses and coxsackie viruses |
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Term
Enteric hepatitis is fatal for 20% of people in which of the following groups?
A) infants under the age of one year
B) teenagers
C) young adults
D) pregnant women
E) elderly men |
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Definition
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Term
How do coronaviruses differ from togaviruses?
A) They have an envelope.
B) They are RNA viruses.
C) They have helical capsids.
D) They contain positive RNA.
E) Their individual capsids can be visualized |
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Definition
| C) They have helical capsids. |
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Term
Which of the following is a member of the Flaviviridae that is NOT an arbovirus?
A) Eastern equine encephalitis virus
B) Dengue virus
C) hepatitis C virus
D) hepatitis E virus
E) West Nile virus |
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Definition
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Term
The West Nile virus is considered a
A) rhinovirus.
B) coronavirus.
C) togavirus.
D) flavivirus.
E) enterovirus |
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Definition
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Term
The disease known as dengue hemorrhagic fever is actually
A) a hyperimmune response to reinfection with the dengue virus.
B) an immediate immune reaction to the initial infection with the dengue virus.
C) an antibody-antigen complex reaction.
D) an autoimmune disease.
E) the chronic carrier state of the dengue virus. |
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Definition
| A) a hyperimmune response to reinfection with the dengue virus. |
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Term
Which of the following is MISMATCHED?
A) Salk vaccine - requires boosters
B) Sabin vaccine - live attenuated vaccine
C) Salk vaccine - administered orally
D) Sabin vaccine - less stable
E) Salk vaccine - inactivated polio vaccine |
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Definition
| C) Salk vaccine - administered orally |
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Term
Which of the following viruses is considered a childhood disease, was first identified by a German physician, and is known to cause "three-day measles"?
A) rubella
B) roseola
C) echovirus
D) coxsackie A virus
E) rhinovirus |
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Definition
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Term
A child has a mild fever and a macular rash primarily on the torso. No lesions are evident in the mouth, and the child has not complained of pain. Which of the following diseases might the child have?
A) hand-foot-and-mouth disease
B) three-day measles
C) red measles
D) dengue fever
E) Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
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Definition
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Term
Diseases caused by echoviruses include
A) hepatitis.
B) common colds.
C) viral meningitis.
D) hepatitis and viral meningitis.
E) common colds and viral meningitis. |
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Definition
| E) common colds and viral meningitis. |
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Term
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes coronaviruses from rhinoviruses?
A) They replicate best at 33°C.
B) They are transmitted via respiratory droplets.
C) They cause common colds.
D) An envelope is present.
E) The virions contain single-stranded positive RNA |
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Definition
| D) An envelope is present. |
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Term
Which of the following enzymes allows retroviruses to transcribe dsDNA from ssRNA?
A) protease
B) trypsinase
C) integrase
D) reverse transcriptase
E) nuclease |
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Definition
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Term
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 causes
A) hairy cell leukemia.
B) adult acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia.
C) Hodgkin's lymphoma.
D) hepatic cancer.
E) Burkitt's lymphoma |
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Definition
| B) adult acute T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. |
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Term
The SARS virus is a(n)
A) adenovirus.
B) rhinovirus.
C) coronavirus.
D) flavivirus.
E) togavirus. |
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Definition
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Term
A child has fever, chills, muscle aches, and conjunctivitis. She is also developing a rash caused by subcutaneous hemorrhaging and complains about exposure to sunlight. Which of the following viruses might she be infected with?
A) coltivirus
B) rotavirus
C) mumps virus
D) hantavirus
E) coxsackie B virus |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following cells is NOT infected by HIV?
A) helper T cells
B) microglia
C) B lymphocytes
D) macrophages
E) dendritic cells |
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Definition
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Term
How are HIV virions rendered virulent?
A) The action of protease releases reverse transcriptase and capsomeres after the virion buds from the cell.
B) They bud to the surface of the host cell.
C) They use a chemokine receptor to remove gp120.
D) They bind to smooth muscle cells.
E) They contact the cytoplasmic membrane via gp41 |
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Definition
| A) The action of protease releases reverse transcriptase and capsomeres after the virion buds from the cell. |
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Term
A scientist discovers a new virus affecting birds. After isolation, the virus is characterized as having single-strand RNA in an icosahedral capsid and an envelope. To which of the following virus families might this new virus belong?
A) Coronaviridae
B) Flaviviridae
C) Orthomyxoviridae
D) Picornaviridae
E) Reoviridae |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following cells are a major reservoir for HIV?
A) helper T cells
B) B lymphocytes
C) cytotoxic T cells
D) infected dendritic cells
E) monocytes and macrophages |
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Definition
| E) monocytes and macrophages |
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Term
Which of the following bodily fluids is commonly a source of infection by HIV?
A) breast milk
B) semen
C) vaginal secretions
D) semen and vaginal secretions
E) breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions |
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Definition
| E) breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions |
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Term
An emerging fatal disease in humans caused by one of the members of the Paramyxoviridae is known as
A) Morbillivirus.
B) Nipahvirus.
C) respiratory syncytial virus.
D) Pneumovirus.
E) Rubulavirus. |
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Definition
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Term
Ebola hemorrhagic virus is caused by which type of virus?
A) filovirus
B) rhabdovirus
C) paramyxovirus
D) rubulavirus
E) pneumovirus |
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Definition
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Term
Public health scientists discover and become concerned about a new strain of RNA virus among farm animals, especially geese and pigs, in the Midwest. Each virion is composed of lipid, helical proteins, and multiple pieces of RNA. This new virus may be
A) a rotavirus.
B) an influenza virus.
C) a hantavirus.
D) a dengue virus.
E) a coronavirus. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?
A) mumps - parotitis
B) rabies - hydrophobia
C) measles - Koplik's spots
D) parainfluenza virus - croup
E) influenza - hemorrhagic fever |
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Definition
| E) influenza - hemorrhagic fever |
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Term
| A six-pointed star-shaped virus |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Spherical with prominent glycoprotein spikes but no envelope |
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Definition
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Term
| Polyhedral capsids with glycoprotein spikes on an envelope |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease, and complete recovery occurs 99% of the time. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| In the United States, about 75% of children have antibodies to astroviruses. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Infection by all influenza strains can be prevented with vaccines. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital rubella causes infants to be chronic asymptomatic carriers. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronaviruses cause gastrointestinal disease. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Rotavirus infection is easily treatable, but it is a leading cause of death among children around the world. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| The practice of screening blood, blood products, and organ transplants for HIV has virtually eliminated the risk of HIV infection from these sources. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Infants infected with the coxsackie B virus do not develop myocarditis, and therefore the virus is rarely fatal. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| A common complication of measles in adults, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, could be a cause of diabetes mellitus. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| Viremia is the release of virions into the urine. True/False |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is an RNA that can be used by a ribosome to translate protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| The clinical term for "runny nose" is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Infection of day-care-age children with ________ results in mild respiratory disease lasting about two weeks, but infection in infants is potentially fatal. |
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Definition
| respiratory syncytial virus |
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Term
| Jonas Salk developed a(n) ________ vaccine in 1955. |
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Definition
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Term
| Infection with ________ is the most common cause of diarrhea in children worldwide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the mouth caused by coxsackie A virus are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute liver disease known as ________ is spread by the fecal-oral route and is caused by a picornavirus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arboviruses enter cells by way of ________ and replicate within them. |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA viruses that have more than one molecule of RNA are said to be ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rubella vaccine is made of ________ viruses and should not be given to pregnant women. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronaviruses, like ________, replicate best at 33°C. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ have been studied more than any other group of viruses because of their unique features and the diseases they cause. |
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Definition
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Term
| As HIV enters a T cell and macrophage, gp120-CD4 binds to a(n) ________ receptor, which removes gp120 from the virion. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________, an arenavirus that can cause hemorrhagic fever, can travel from human to human. |
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses in the ________ family have similar morphologies and antigens and are able to cause infected cells to fuse with their neighbors, forming giant, multinucleate syncytia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do most individuals have more than one bout of the common cold in a season? |
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Definition
| The common cold can be caused by a number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses, coronaviruses, echoviruses, and paramyxoviruses. However, most colds are caused by the 100+ serotypes of rhinoviruses. Rhinoviruses are extremely infectious; a single virus is enough to cause a cold in 50% of infected individuals. Symptomatic or not, an infected person can spread viruses to the environment in large amounts. People of all ages acquire immunity to the serotypes they have been infected with in the past, but that immunity does not provide protection from infection with other serotypes. In addition, new serotypes are continuously being released into the population by mutations in the RNA of the virus, ensuring that no one can become immune to all rhinoviruses. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the two polio vaccines used to nearly eradicate polio. |
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Definition
Both vaccines are effective in providing immunity to all three strains of the polio virus, and both require booster vaccinations for complete immunity.
The first vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in 1955 and is an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The Salk vaccine is inexpensive, is very stable in storage, and must be administered by injection. It poses no risk of causing disease.
Albert Sabin developed an alternative vaccine known as the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is a live, attenuated vaccine. It is easier to administer (it is administered orally), but it is more expensive to prepare and is less stable in storage than the IPV. However, it can cause disease if administered to an immunocompromised person. The vaccine is a live, infectious agent, and people who have received the vaccine shed virus into the environment. There are two consequences of this property. On the one hand, the OPV can provide contact immunity, which is beneficial in areas where the polio incidence is high and vaccinating the entire population would be difficult for health care workers. On the other hand, the live vaccine can mutate to regain virulence and cause outbreaks of polio. One well-documented case of a polio outbreak caused by vaccine reversion occurred in 2001. For this reason, OPV use should be phased out as polio rates decline in a population. |
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Term
| Why was the discovery of reverse transcriptase a momentous event in biology? |
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Definition
| The discovery of retroviruses and their enzyme, reverse transcriptase, has made possible the ongoing revolution in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Scientists can more easily isolate mRNA for a specific protein and then use reverse transcriptase to make the DNA gene. Then, scientists can find the gene itself amid the full complement of DNA of an organism. The isolated gene and its product can be studied more intensively, and in some cases the gene product is available for use as a medication (e.g., human insulin), vaccine, etc. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) and hepatitis C in terms of agents, transmission, prevention, and disease outcomes. |
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Definition
Both viruses are unsegmented positive-sense RNA viruses, and both target the liver.
Hepatitis A is a naked capsid virus transmitted by the fecal-oral route. It can persist on fomites and is resistant to some disinfectants. Nonetheless, good personal hygiene and food-handling practices can reduce transmission. A vaccine is available that prevents infection. Infectious hepatitis is an acute disease that rarely causes lasting liver damage.
Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus transmitted in bodily fluids. The presence of the envelope makes the virus much more fragile, and the virus does not persist on fomites. No vaccine is available to prevent transmission. Transmission is prevented by avoiding unprotected contact with infected bodily fluids and by screening blood products and organs. Hepatitis C infection produces chronic disease that may remain asymptomatic for decades. About 20% of infections may progress to symptomatic liver damage or failure, and a small percentage results in liver cancer. |
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Term
| Why are patients at risk vaccinated every year for influenza? |
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Definition
| Influenza is caused by two species of orthomyxoviruses. The genome of the virus is extremely variable, especially the genes that code for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which form the glycoprotein spikes for these viruses. This occurs through a process known as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift refers to the accumulation of HA and NA mutations within a single strain of a virus in a given geographic location. This changes the antigenicity of the virus to the point that it becomes so antigenically distinct from previous strains that no one is immune to it. Antigenic drift leads to an increase in the number of influenza cases every two years or so. An antigenic shift is a major genetic change that results when genomes from different influenza virus strains reassort in a single host. This reassortment also changes the virus's antigenicity. Antigenic shift takes place every 10 years and is responsible for most pandemic strains. Therefore, because of the antigenic change of the causative agent, patients who are at risk should receive vaccination every year with vaccines developed against antigens of newly emerging influenza viruses. |
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