Poultry is the most common source of infection

zoonotic disease

Reservoirs are? Many animals such as: pigs, cows, poultry, dogs, cats, rabbits, minks

How do humans become infected?by consuming contaminated food, un-pasteurized milk, or water

Prevention? Spread of the bacteria can be reduced by proper food handling and preparation

Results from ingestion of shellfish (mussels) in contaminated estuaries

Eating sushi = uncooked seafood.

Leading cause of diarrhea in Japan

Why is disease prevalent in Japan? Eating Sushi

How can you avoid disease? Cook your food thoroughly

Vibrio cholera

Vibrio cholera:= rice water diarrhea

MOst common species to infect humans!!!

Causes? Cholera

How spread? Fecal-oral route

When does it occur? after monsooms, tsumannis, hurricanes & During disruption of war

Death is by? Dehydration, pt’s can lose 1 liter of fluid/hour

Diagnosis is by? “Rice water stool”àRapid, explosive, severe, Projectile diarrhea, vomiting

  Treatment?

1.      Fluid and electrolyte replacement

2.      Antimicrobial drugs are not as important because they are lost in the watery stool

Prevention? Adequate sewage and water treatment can limit the spread of Vibrio cholerae

curved rods, curved bacillis, Pathogenic Gram-Negative

Found in estuarine and marine environments worldwide

Leptospira interrogans:

Leptospira found worldwide in urine of Wild and domestic animals: Rats, Raccoons,Foxes, Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Pigs

How did it get it name? From wild and domestic animals

Zoonotic diseased

Who is at risk? humans

How spread? Humans contract the zoonotic disease leptospirosis either directly or indirectly

-Direct contact with the urine of infected animals through cuts and abrasions in the skin and mucous membranes

-Indirect contact through contaminated streams, lakes, moist soil

Caused by: Relapsing Fever due to bacteria changing surface antigens

Periods of fever separated by symptom free intervals.

Diagnosisobservation of the spirochetes

Treatment is with antimicrobial drugs

Prevention involves avoidance of ticks and lice, good personal hygiene, and use of repellent chemicalS

Where first discovered? Reported in 1975 when children in Lyme, Connecticut developed rheumatoid arthritis

Why increase in human population? Bacteria are transmitted to humans via a tick bite

hat are vectors? Hard ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors of Lyme disease

Is the result of humans coming in closer association with ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi

Suburbs moving out into the country

Reservoirs? rodents and white tail deer

Borrelia burgdorferi-> Lyme disease

3 Phases of disease in untreated pt's?

treatment?

Prevention?

1)An expanding red “bull’s eye” rash occurs at the site of infection along with flu-like symptoms

2)Neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction

3)Severe arthritis that can last for years

Treatment? penicillin and doxycycline first stage of Lyme disease

Treatment of later stages is difficult

Prevention? Take precaution to avoid ticks, “tick checks!”

Spirochetes= coiled hairs in Greek

Three genera of Spirochetes causes human diease.

what are the 3?

1) Treponema

2) Borrelia

3) Leptospira

Treponemacause three nonvenereal diseases

Occurs primarily in impoverished children

Live in unsanitary conditions

Middle East, Africa, Asia, South America

How spread? contact with the bacteria in the fluid draining from the lesions

BONE DEFORMATION

-1) Treponema pallidum endemicum = agent for bejel

Disease seen in children in Africa, Asia, Australia

Results in the formation of lesions around the lips, inside the mouth, and nose

The bacteria are spread by contaminated eating utensils; sharing drinking and eating utensils

-2) Treponema carateum = pinta

Limited to rural Latin America

Causes a skin disease that can result in scarring and disfigurement (red lesions that turn blue in sun)

Spread by skin-to-skin contact

-3) Treponema pallidum pertenue = yaws

Limited to tropical South America, SE Asia, central Africa

Characterized initially by skin lesions that can develop into large draining lesions in skin, bones, and lymph nodes

Can be spread from an infected mother to her fetus

results is:

1)death of fetus

2) mental retardation

3) Malformation especially of the face

1)Primary syphilis

2) Secondary syphilis

3) Latent syphilis

4) Tertiary syphilis

Painless chancre at site of infection

Heals and patients thinks they no longer have an infection

Invades bloodstream causes widespread rash

Skin lesions can be bumpy and pustular

Forms warts around vulva and scrotum

Three genera of Spirochetes cause human disease:

Treponema -- SYPHILIS

Borrelia--LYME disease

Leptospira

Chlamydia psittaci

what carries the bacteria?

how do humans get it?

What carries the bacteria? Birds harbor organism

How do humans get it? Inhalation of EBs, Contact of contaminated feces, Beak to mouth contact infected pet birds

Chlamydia pneumonia= atypical pneumonia

Symptoms, who it infects, germ theory.

Symptoms? Most infections are mild, Malaise, Chronic cough

- Do not require hospitalization

- Spreads via respiratory droplets= ubiquitous

Who infects? ½ population of college students in US, have antibodies against Chlamydia pneumonia.

Germ theory of Heart Disease? à germs cause disease

- Has been implicated in atherosclerosis

- Hardening of the arteries, lipid deposits on walls of arteries

STD: most common bacterial STD

Reservoir? Human body of asymptomatic carrier

Infects what? Eyes, genitals, lymph nodes, lungs

In children? Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma strain A-K

In adults? Chlamydia trachomatis  LGV strain L1, L2, L3 =  lymphogranuloma venereum or venereal disease

QOT=Chlamydia trachomatis  LGV strain L1, L2, L3 =  lymphogranuloma venereum or venereal disease

1) Genital lesions

2) Swollen, painfully inflamed, inguinal lymph nodes, buboes

3) More often symptomatic in MALES bc of long-term reproductive damage

1.      Initial stage = Produces a lesion at the infection site

2.      Second stage = bacteria moves to lymph node

3.      Third stage = genital sores

a.      Painful urination

b.      Thick, mucoid discharge

c.       Can lead to epididymitis with swollen, tender scrotum

Caused by: Chlamydia trachomatis

àintracellular energy parasite, no cell wall!

-    Vectors? Anthropods do not serve as vectors or host in Chlamydias

-    How spread? Spread by person to person contact

-    EBs =Elementary bodies: infective form, dormat, survive outside cell

- RBs= Reticulate bodies: non-infective, multiply (reproduce) within the host cell

- Can you treat with penicillin? No b/c Chlamydias lack peptidoglycan, therefore cannot be treated with PCN

HMEàHuman Monocytic Ehrlichiosisà causesà HGE

HGE àHuman Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Vector? TICKS

Infects what animals? Dogs and Horses in US

Infects what cells in humans and causes what? Multiplies within the WBC, Ehrlichia released from ruptured WBC into the bloodàCAUSES abnormal low WBC

Who is at risk? 5-10% fatality of elderly and immunocompromised

transmited by red mitesà sole reservoir and vector

Disease cause: Fever, HA, muscle pain, less than half dev. Rash

ü   tx: tetracycline

Vector? Red mites, only have one feeding and die

Reservoir? Red mites(chiggers)

Endemic where? Asia, Australia, and South Pacific Island

§  Infected soldiers during WWW11, Vietnam

§  Can infect todays travelers

Chiggers are REDBUGS larval formàthey are not REDBUGS!!!

Transovarian passageàMale Ticks Infect Females During Mating (Tick STD)

o   Female ticks transmit Rickettsia to eggs forming in her ovaries

o   Rickettsia passed from one generation to another through tick eggs

Rickettsia rickettsii= tick-borne typhus (RMSF)

Rickettsia typhi = endemic or murine tyhpus; fleaS

Rickettsia prowazekii = epidemic or louse-borne typhus

Rash develops on trunk and appendages

Rash on palms and soles

Rash NOT on hands and feet in Chicken pox/Measles virus

Tick is the vector

Vector is fleas

Rodents are reservoir

Exits constantly in population as a latent

Occurs duringà war, poverty, famine, displacement of people.

Human lice are the vectors

- All Rickettsia die quickly outside host so Rickettsia require vectors to be transmitted from host to host.

- Each vector acts as a host and reservoirs

- ALL rickettsia trasmitted by arthropod vectos= tick. flea, louse

- 3 species

ID'd by Dr. Howard Ricketts

obligate intracellular energy parasite, small, almost  wall less

Cause à rash, fever, bad headaches

CNS

Urethritis

Burning urination

Yellow mucoid discharge from urethra

Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the kidneys

Postpartum fever or postabortal fever

Pelvic Inflammatory disease= PID

Mycoplasmas  associated with Genital and UTi

3 of them

Mycoplasma hominis

Mycoplasma genitalium

Ureaplasma urealyticum

What cells does it attach to and kill? Attaches specifically to ciliated epithelial cells lining the human respiratory tracts and kills them What does that cause? Increase mucus that irritates the upper respiratory tract

Symptoms? Fever, HA, sore throat, dry unproductive cough

What diseases does it cause, know all names.

Primary Atypical Pneumonia= PAP à “walking pneumonia”

Is there a vaccine? NO vaccine against Mycoplasma pneumonia

Usually self-limiting but can treat with antibiotics

When do you get disease? Occurs throughout the year: in spring and summer too(not typical of other types of pneumonia) More common in fall and winter