Term
| A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus |
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Definition
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Term
| An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in cells becoming more susceptible to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs? |
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Definition
| They have a broader spectrum of action. |
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Term
| Which drugs specifically target cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibiotics disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 things are targets of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis? |
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Definition
1.the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit
2.the enzymatic site of the 50S ribosomal subunit
3.movement of the ribosome from one codon to the next
4.the tRNA docking site |
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Term
| Which scientist coined the term antibiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ________ drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for the Kirby-Bauer test is the? |
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Definition
| diffusion susceptibility test. |
|
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Term
| zone of inhibition is measured as a ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a clearing zone with no growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a result of diffusion of the drug out of the paper disk? |
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Definition
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Term
| zone of inhibition is _____ after incubation |
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Definition
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Term
| tetracyclinescan become incorporated into the ____ & _____ of a fetus. |
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Definition
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Term
| when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota, which 2 things can occur? |
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Definition
| pseudomembranous colitis and thrush |
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Term
| development of antibiotic resistance is often mediated by _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistant cells are normally in the ______ in a bacterial population |
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Definition
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Term
| New resistance genes can be gained through which three things? |
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Definition
| transformation, transduction, or conjugation. |
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Term
| antibiotic resistance can occur through ______ of existing bacterial genes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| lactamase production is an example of which type of resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______are an alternative to the use of chemotherapy involving microbial antagonism |
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Definition
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Term
| Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by |
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Definition
| preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits. |
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|
Term
| Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by |
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Definition
| inhibiting protein synthesis. |
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|
Term
| ______works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. |
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Definition
| fluconazole and turbinafine |
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Term
| ______were the first widely used antimetabolic antimicrobial and indirectly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which pathway is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides? |
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Definition
| the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid |
|
|
Term
| quinolones drugs inhibit ______ synthesis specifically in ______? |
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Definition
| nucleic acid, prokaryotes |
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Term
| The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid,a -lactamase inhibitor, is known as |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Alterations in the structure of ______ are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is it inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu? |
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Definition
| Because these diseases are caused by viruses. |
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|
Term
| Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| _______takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| antisense nucleic acids are______that block protein synthesis by binding to the _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| susceptibility and MIC are determined by which test? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four criterions by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated? |
|
Definition
1.their spectrum of action
2.their efficacy
3.their route of administration
4.their safety |
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|
Term
| Which 2 things interfere with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation? |
|
Definition
| cycloserine and vancomycin |
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|
Term
| Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for preventing ____? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| measurement associated with the broth dilution test? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which 3 microbes? |
|
Definition
1.Candida albicans,
2.Mycobacterium
3.Clostridium difficile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disruption ofcytoplasmic membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibition of metabolic pathways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis |
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|
Term
| Did Paul Erhlich coin the term antibiotics for the "magic bullet" antimicrobials he pursued? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have ______ against humans. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cytoplasmic membrane. True or False |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this
process.
True or False |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic membrane are used only _____because they can be _____ to humans. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Some bacterial cells are _____ to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively _____ the drugs out of
the cell. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enable many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, will the concentration of the drug be bactericidal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot do what? |
|
Definition
| diffuse out of the blood into these organs. |
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|
Term
| Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Any drug that acts against a disease is called a(n) ________ agent. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a pathogen than to the host being treated. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Antimicrobial agents that mimic the chemical structure of DNA building blocks are called ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A(n) ________ drug is effective against a wide variety of pathogens. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ are serious secondary infections that result from the killing of the normal microbiota. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
A(n) ________ concentration of a drug is one at which microbes survive but are not able to grow and
reproduce. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Extrachromosomal pieces of DNA called ________ promote horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally similar to eachother; this is a phenomenon known as ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ drugs are semisynthetic drugs developed to combat resistance against an existing drug. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Drugs that slow down bacterial growth would be ________ to penicillin. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| External infections can be treated by ________ administration, in which a drug is applied directly to the site of infection. |
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Definition
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|
Term
The abbreviation ________ stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth and
reproduction of a pathogen. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Antiviral medications frequently block unique ________ to prevent production of new virus. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Praziquantel alters the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of ________. |
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Definition
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