Term
| What are the genera of Spirochetes? |
|
Definition
1. *Treponema
2. Borrelia
3. Leptospira |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Borrelia and it's members? |
|
Definition
-Larger spirochetes, gram-, microaerophilic, diff. to culture
-*Borrelia burgodorferi |
|
|
Term
| Where do we find Borrelia burgodorferi and how is it transmitted? When usually? |
|
Definition
-**White tailed deer (adult ticks)
-**White footed mice (tick in nymph stage)
-Transmitted by tick bite; **Ixodes tick (deer tick)
-Tick season is late spring/early summer |
|
|
Term
| What diseases do Borrelia burgodorferi cause? Give stages? |
|
Definition
LYME DISEASE (#1 tick borne disease in the US)
Early symptoms;
-**Erythema migrans; spreading annular skin lesion (*bulls eye rash), %85 of cases
-Also joint pain and flu-like illness
Few weeks after;
-Neurological symptoms such as **Bell palsy & meningitis
-Cardiac symptoms from carditis (arrhythmias, etc.)
Late (month - 2 years);
-Arthralgias and migratory arthritis
-In class they also are mentioning **Borrelia recurrentitis as a cause of endemic **relapsing fever spread by *lice
-B. hermsii; same but ornothodrose tick |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis and treatment for lyme disease? |
|
Definition
-Some serodiagnosis is used, but is often difficult so diagnosis mainly relies on clinical presentation
-Treat with a number of normal antibiotics such as doxycycline early, and *Ceftriaxone for later stages
-There is a vaccine, but it isn't used in the US |
|
|
Term
| Treponema? Progression and time frame? |
|
Definition
-Treponema pallidum is a spirochete that causes *syphilis
-Is a thin spiral (only visualized with **dark-field or fluorescent microscopy), has endoflagella (motile), can't culture b/c it's an obligate pathogen (but extracellular)
1˚- Tontender chancre [month or two]
2˚ - Rash (esp. palms and soles), patchy alopecia, & **condylomata (warts around anus and genitals) [few mo.]
3˚ - Gummas (granulomas), aortitis (aneurisms), CNS inflammation [2 or more years later]
-First two are highly contagious |
|
|
Term
| What about Treponema congenitally? |
|
Definition
-8th nerve damage
-Notched teeth
-Rash
-Tabes dorsalis |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose treponema? Treatment & complication? |
|
Definition
-Screening test uses cross reactivity with cow heart (nontreponemal antibody test USR & TRUST); very sensitive
-Confirmatory test uses fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (**FTA-ABS); very specific (false+ w/ Lyme)
-Have to wait about 3 mo. to get a good test on a baby
-The screening test is good for 1˚ and 2˚, but not for 3˚
-Use a special long acting penicillin; **Benzathine penicillin
-Use penicillin G for 3˚ stage
-**Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (from LPS release; fever etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Leptospira? Diagnosis, when and how acquired, disease? |
|
Definition
-Leptospira interigans is **spiral shaped with hooks at ends; need **dark field microscopy to visualize
-Contact with ***animal pee (esp. *rat) in contaminated water; highest instance in **Hawaii
Leptospirosis; fever, flu, & *hepatitis (jaundice)
-The GI effects are called *Weil disease
-Also called swamp/mud fever
-Sick for weeks |
|
|
Term
| ---------------End Spirochetes-------------------- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What defines the genus Rickettsia? What are the important members? |
|
Definition
-They are very small gram- rods (too small to stain)
-**Obligate intracellular (bc don't make ATP very well)
-*Rickettsia rickettsii
-Others such as R. prowazekii & typhi are less important with prawazekii being spread by lice |
|
|
Term
| Where do we find Rickettsia rickettsii and what is transmission? |
|
Definition
-Reservoir; rodents, dogs
-Vector; **Dermacentor tick (Wood tick) (vertical trans.)
-Again, spring and early summer are tick season |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| -All via vasculitis from bite origin (in brain, liver, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What disease comes from Rickettsia rickettsii? |
|
Definition
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF);
-Despite the name we usually see it more on east coast
-Headache, fever, vomiting (meningitis-like basically)
-Petechial rash starting on the **ankles and wrist and then spreading everywhere, even the **palms and soles
-Can also get some ankle and wrist edema |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose and treat RMSF? |
|
Definition
-Clinically mostly; and bc of the seriousness we typically start treatment before confirmation
-To confirm we use serology or a **Weil-Felix test (even tho it's an outdated method)
-Treat with *doxycycline |
|
|
Term
| What is remarkable about the family Chlamydiaceae? Members? |
|
Definition
Whole family;
-***Obligate intracellular; doesn't make ATP***
-**Elementary body/**reticulate body; two forms with elementary being infectious form & reticulate being replicative (two stages of life basically)
Genus Chlamydia
-Chlamydia trachomatis
Genus Chlamydophila
-Chlamydophila pneumoniae
-Chlamydophila psittaci |
|
|
Term
| What disease do we get from Chlamydophila species? See chart for full info (page 308) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia trachomatis? Diseases and serotypes (3)? Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1. **Nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, PID (*serotypes D-K); exudate is more clear, gonococal gives pus
-**Most common bacterial STD in the US (herp. & hpv #1)
-Can spread to neonate giving **inclusion conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia
2. *Trachoma; eye infections from hand to eye (serotypes A-C); causes inturned eyelashes-->scarring-->blindness
3. Lymphogranuloma venereum (genital elephantitis); serotypes L1, 2, 3 in africa, asia, or s. america (match Ls)
-Intracellular, so we see inclusion bodies
-Can't culture normaly
-Does't gram stain (inclusions in gon. will, both have PMNs in the exudate), use iodine or Giemsa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-B. fragilis is the member
-***Anaerobe (part of ABC)
-**Natural flora (predominant species)
-Altered LPS that is less immunogenic
-Septicemia, peritonitis, abdominal abscesses; all usually **secondary to trauma, cancer, etc. |
|
|
